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~r·¡I :r or fiu.lller proponion ~crording la Ihe nalure of
Ihe .
lf 111& eryll.diud fdll' he c¡¡pofed lOIhe nre, dll'y
6TI! p:trt wilh Ihal moillu re whieh is nnr neeefi'ry la a
r.oIinc .coem ian, aoclwhich Ihe)' rmioed only hy means
of Ihei r cryllallizalion: afll'Tlmd, Ihey begin lO Ilow,
hllt lI'idl dill'mnt dcsrm nf (1IIi~illlr.
[t mull be ohfen'ed, Ihat een:lin fdlls mdl as foon as
¡heydT~ exp"fcd lO Ihe fire; ndlod)', Iho(e wlllch rmlO
a ~ml dlal of waler in cryll.dli1.iog. But this Auor
\Vhleh Ih'e), fa reaelily ae~uire mull be eardully dillin·
~uilhed froOl a/lu.1 fufion; fm ir is owiog ooly lO Iheir
fuper!luous humidilY, whieh hm rendcrs eapable o( die·
(olving aod liqui(yioS Ihem; (, Ihat wh~o it is evapo·
raled, lhe (ah eea(es lO be lIuid, aod requires a much
grealer deRree o( (¡re to brioS it iOlo real fufioo.
The oel:m l f.:hs Ihal do oot eryllallize may iodeed be
clried by e'aporalio/! Ihe water IVhieh keeps them!luid;
but by beeomiog folid they aequire 00 regular form;
Ihey. agaio attra/llhe nloillure of rhe air, ~od are Ihere·
hy odted iota a liquor. Thefe Ola)' be caJled ligurf
unl f- /r/.
Moll of Ihe oeurral (alls, IhJt eonfill of ao aeid join–
ed with a fixed alkali, or with ao abforbeot eanh, are
rhemfdl'es (¡,ed aoJ refill the furee o( fire; yet (e.'eral
.,f rhem, if rhey be dirrolvee! in waler, and the folutioo
Ladro ~nd el'aporated, ftie off along with rhe (leams.
~r tbc {tvml Sort! o[ Satille 1I11lnnm.
1. Of lhe NrV f.UAL, or VITRlo Lrc .~elo.
T HE univerfal acid is fo ealled , bee,lUfe it is io fa/l
¡he acid whieh is m ~1l uOIvcrf: lIy di!Tuled through ~II
nature, in w'lers, in the almofph~re, ~oe! in the bowels
nf the wth. l1~t it is feldom pure; being ~Imol! al ·
wa)'s combioed \Vilh (ome other fubllanec. Th~1 (rom
whieh we ootain it, Il'ith r.loll e3fc, ao.! io Ihe greare(l
~uaoti y, is ,itric,l; anJ Ihis is the reafon IVh)' lt is eall·
ed the vitriolic aciJ; the name by whieh it is be(l
known.
\Vheo the vitriolic leid eootaios bllt linle phlegm, yet
cnough tO gil'e il a fluid furrn , it is e.l!cd oil ofvi/rio/ ;
on ,ceount of a un/luoGI)' beloogiog tOit.
lf the vitriolic .cid eOOI31O much wmr, it is Ihen
ca!led¡¡'iril of"ilri,l. \\'heo it docs OOt cootain e·
oough IDreoder il Huid, aod fo is in a (olid form, it is
namcrl the iq oi! .r ilr;'l.
When oil of vitriol, highly coneeo'raled, is mixcd
",ith waler, Ihey rulh ioto uoioo wilh fuch an impetuo(¡–
tI', that, Ihe momenr Ihey loueh eaeh other, lhere arifes
a hifiiog noife, like Ihat of red·hot iroo plunged In eold
w, er, togerner wilh a I'er)' onfidmble degree of heat
prnpa; liooed to Ihe degrec ID ",hich Ihe acid lI'as eoo·
ccntr:ued.
lf inRead of mixiog rhis coneeolrated acid lVilh w;ner,
y~u only Iwe it expofcd 10 rhe air for fome rio,~, it
anntls the OloiRure Ihereof, ao imbibC1 il mofl eree·
dily. noth ils bul anrl ils weichlore iocrufed by this
amfiion; aod if il be unJer an icy form, that is, if it
be eoocreted, Ihe phleem lhus aeqclreJ WII! (~n nCol"
it imo Buid_
s T n y,
. The ~d"ition of \~arer rendcr~ Ihe .itriolic ,cid, and
Indeed :.11 orher aculs, weaker ID one (enfe; whieh is,
tll. t IVhen they are very aqueous, Ihey Ita,e on rhe
tongue a mueh fdinler 'alle of acidi,!" and ~re lefs ae.
li.e io the folulion of fome particular hodiel : Hut rhat
ocr.afioos 00 change in the (lreoglh of Iheir allinitics but
in fome cafel rather eoablcs them lO dirrolve feveral'Cuh–
R,oces which, when well dephlegnlalcd, Ihey are not
eapable of anaeking.
The ,itriolic acid combined lO thc roiol of (aIU1:\lion
wilh a particular ahforb~ot eanh, wel known, (orms a
neulral (ah Ihat cryllallizes. This falt i, ca"ed alu,",
aod rhe figurc of ils cryll¿h is that 01" ao o8ahedron or
Colid of eighl fides. Thefe oélahedra are triangular py_
ramids, Iheangles of \Vhieh are fo CUI off Iha, four of the
furraees are hexagoos, and the other (our triangles,
There are (everal fons of aluOl, whlch dirrer acenrd.
iog to the catlhs combined wi rh the ,'itriolic acid. Alum
dirrolves eafily io water, and in cry(!'¡lIimioo rerains a
confiderablc quamiry of it; which is Ihe rc,fon that
being expo(ed tO Ihe fire It readily melis, fwell ing .ne!
puffing up as its (uperAuous 'muillllre exhales. Whcn
tlw is quite cVApormd , lhc remainder is ealled bUfl/1
alllm: and is fery diHicult lO fufe. The ~rid of Ihe alllm
i, pwly diflip:ued by this ealcloa.ion. lts talle is (ahinl,
wllh a degrce oi" rOllghnefs .nd allringcncy.
The "itriolie .cid combioed wilh certain e~rlhs forml
3 kiorl of fJh c311e,[/tleniltl, which eryflallim
io dilfereot forml accordiog 10 rhe nature of ill emh.
Thrre are numhcrlefs fp,in~s of water infc/led with ¡j¡f.
fuh'ed fdenites; hUI wheo thi, r.llt is once erf(l~lIized,
it is exceediog dillieult tO dtfrol.e it in u'ater ~ (ccood
lime. For rhat purpofe averygreat qua.lityof water i,
nmrrary, and moreol'er it muR boil; (or, as it eools,
mnll of the dirr"lved felenites takl'$ a folid for01, and
f.•lis io a powtler lO the ho 10m of Iht "crrel.
Ir an . Ikali be prefented lO Ihe (elenilel, or lO alum,
Ihefe fahs \'Iill be thereby dceompof.d; .11m is, the
aeid will quit Ihe earths, and join rhe alkali, \1ith
whieh il hath a greater allinity. An.1 fron. Ihis con–
jun/lioo of Ih..itriolic acid with a (¡~ed alkali Ihere re·
fults aoorher fOTl of oeulr~1 fah, whieh is called arca–
num du, "calum, fal de dl/obrl/, aod vitrlolald larlar.
beeauli: one of rhe fixed alealis mol! in ufe is calletl foil
Dl larlar.
Vitriolalcrl lartar is . Imoll as haT<1 lOdilfol.e in wa–
ler as the fdcoiles. lt (hoon iOlo elglll.fided eryRals,
ha.ing Ihe apim of the pyramids pretty obtufe. lt,
talle is fahilh, inclining tObi.ter; aod il decrcpi.alCl
on buming eoall. lt requires a very great degrce uf
fire o nl3ke it Aow.
Thc vitriolie ,cid is capable of uniliog wilh .he phlo–
gi(loo, or talher i has agremrallinlly wilh 11 Ih~n "lIh
aay olher borly: whfnee it follows, lhat all cOOlp~undl
of whieh it mlkes a pm nlay be decompofed by olean,
of Ihe phlogiflon.
From Ihe (onjuollion of Ihe ,ilrir,lie ariel "i.h Ihe
phlo~inon arifes a c"mmunel cal!(d mWlal fulf}." be–
caufe it is fouOlI pcrft/lly formed 10 the bo",ds 01 rhe
Wlh. h il alfu calktl fulfhuI "'''/1'', or (¡mply fuI–
t fur .
Sulphcr