1000000030

Iha! when ¡nim¡1and

\'egelahl~ m~lIcrs

are burnl in fuel.

a manner as 10 hinder Ihem from iI,ming, fome part of

I ~e

phlor.illnn eool.lineel in Ihem uniles inliDlarely wirh

Iheir 01011 fi xed eanhy pans, aod wilh rhem forlOs a

eompound rhal can be confumed onl y by makiug il red–

hor in Ihe opcn air, IIhere il fparkl <s anl!

w~fles

alVay,

Wilhoul emilling any flameo

This eompound is callcd a

(onl.

\Ve Ihall inquire inlo Ihe prope.ries of rhis coal

unJer rhe head of oils : ar prtfcnr il fulfices Ihat we

know io geoeral IVhal it is, and Ihal il readily cllmmu–

nieales tOolher boJics Ihe phlogilloo it conlains.

A general Vie1u o( Ibe A{fil/ittr! or elcfií'Ue At–

tralliol/J

tbnl

¡u/ifi!1

bet,ueen Bodie!.

R U a RE

\Ve ea o reduce compouod boJies 10 Ihe firfl

principies above poinred OUI, IVe. oblaio, by aoalyfing

Ihem, cemio fubilanees which are indeed more fimple

th.ln

Ihe bodies Ihey helped

compofe, yet are Ihem–

fel' es cumpofed of our primary principies. They are

rherefore al ooe aod the fame time bOlh principies aod

compounds; for which reafon we (hall eall lhem by the

name of feeonclary priociples. Salioe aod oily maners

ehiefl y conflilure thlS c1afs. Hut before we eoler upun

an examioatioo of Ih. ir propenics, it is fil IVe lay btfore

lhe reader a geoeral "iewof whal chemills underlland by

Ihe rdalions or allioitiesof bodies ; becaufe il is necclTary

10 knowthtre, in order

a .diflinél cooceplino of Ihe

dilTerem combinalioos we are 10 treat

0[.

AII rhe exp' rimeots hitherro made eoncur in proviog,

thal dilTerenl bodies, whether principies or compouods,

ha"e fueh a mutual conformilY, relalloo, allioity, or al–

traéli~n,

as difpofts fome of Ihem 10 join and unite lO–

gelher, IVhile rhey are incapable of eootraéliogJ ny union

\Vilh olhers. This elTeé!, whatever be ils caufe, will

enable us 10 aeeounl for, and eonneé! IOgether, alllhe

phenomena lhat ehemiflry produces. The DalUre of this

univerfd

aff~élion

of maller is laid down in lhe foll owing

propofilioos.

Firfl, If one fubflance has any aflinity or eonformilY

wilh anorher, the t\Vo \ViII unile togelher, and form one

compound.

Seeondly, AII Gmilar fubflances have an afli nilYwith

cach other, aAd are confequently difpofed to unile ; as

wat~r

\Vith water, eanh with eanh,

&c.

Thirdly, Subfl.nces that unire IOgether lofe fome of

Iheir f. parm propcrties ; and Ihe compounds rcfu hing

[romIheir union partake of Ihe propertics of thofe fub–

f1anees which ferveas rheir principies.

Fourthly, The fimpler any fubltances are, the more

pereeplible and ,onfi.lerable are Ih. ir .Ilinilies: \Vhenec

il follolVs, Ihal rheIefs bodiesareeompounded , the more

diAicuh it is to analyfe Ihem; rhal is, 10 fep.trale from

m h olher Ihe principies of whieh Ibey conlill.

Jliflhly, lf a hoJy

eo~fifl

of two fubflances, and 10

this compound he pr&nted a Ihird fubllanee thal has no

allinitv ar all IVi th one of Ihe tlVO primary f"ull,nm a·

for~f.i.t,

b"l has a grealer allinily IVith Ihe orher than

thof, r\Vo fubll.nees have IVith eaeholher. Ihere wi ll eo–

fue a dccompofition, and a newunion; th.1is, lheIhird

{ubll,nee will feparale Ihe t\VOcompouoding fubflanees

VOL .

11. No. 33.

(V)

[rom caeh olher, coalefce IVilh II,al which has an allin:,y

wilh il, form therewith a n,IV eombination, aud

difen~a~~

Ihe olher, whieh willlhen be I, fl

hberry, . nd fuch .s

il was before il had eontratlcd

~ny

union.

Sixlhly, h harpens fOlllelime, Ihat IVh,n a Ihi rrl fub·

f1ance is prefeoled to a body eoolillingof IIVO r"bJ,tancos,

no decompofirion follolVs; but Ihe IWO

eompoundln~

fu bfl.nees, WilhoOl quining eaeh olher, unilr. \Vilh lhe

fubllanee prefenled to Ihem, and form a combinal ion of

Ihree principies: aod this happens when Ihar Ihi,d f"o–

llanee has an equal, or nearly

e~ual ,

allinily wi¡h eaell

of rheeompouodingfubflanees. T he fameIhlng mayal–

fo happen even when rhe lhird f"bll. nc. harh no allinily

UUI IVi,h one of the compounding fubllances only. To

proJuce fueh an elTeél, it is fuAieienl ¡har one of

lh~

!I' O

eorupuunding fubflanees have lO Ihe Ihirtl body a rclalio,

equa l, or nearly equal, 10 lhar whieh ir has 10 Il.e olh"

compounding fubll,nce wilh \Vhieh ir is alrcady eombincd.

Heoce ir follows, Ihar IIVO f"bllaocC!, whieh, when a–

palt (rom all others, are ineapable of eonlr.tling any

union, may be rendered eapable of ineorpor;,trng r02'–

ther in fome meafure, and beeoming rarlS of Ihe fwe

eBmpound , by

e~n'bininó

wilh a third fubllance wilh

whieh eaeh of them has ao 'q ual alli nily.

Sevenlhly, A body, whieh of itlelf e.lonot deeompofe

eompound eonfifling of twu f"bflanees, beeaufe Ihey

have a grearer aflinity \Vith eaeh olher rhan il has with

eilher of Ihem, beeomts nel'erthelefs eapable of fepa–

rating the t\Vo by unitrng Wilh Dne of Ihem. when il is

itfel f eombined \Vilh another body ha" ing a degree of af–

finilYwilh Ihal one fuflieienl tu cempenfale ils o,vn want

Ihereor. InIhal eafe rhereareIwO a¡¡¡nities, anrl rhence

enfues a double deeompofilion, anJ a double eombioa–

·lion.

Thefe fundamen¡al Irulhs, fromwhieh we fll all deduce

an explanalioo of all Ihe phenomena in chemiflry, \ViII

be eoofirmed and illullrm d hy applyiog IheOl 10 Ihe fe–

veral eafes, of whieh our defign io Ihis Irealile obliges u.

lOgive a cireumflantial aeeouol.

o¡

Saline SubJlnllcc!

il/

general.

Ir a partideof waler be inlimalely uniterl wirh a par–

tieh: of eanh, the ref"lt will be a new cO'npound, IVhleh,

aecording 10 our rhird propofition of ariiniries, will par–

lak( of Ihe propenies of earth and of waler ; and this

combioation plineipally[orms what is called a

Inlj",1-6-

flan".

Confequendy every faline fubll.lnee mut! have

an allinily wilh earth aDd IVirh IV, ter, , nd be eapable of

uniling wilh bOlh or eilher of lheOl, whelher Ih,y be fe–

paraleor Olixed togerher: and aeeordingly Ihis property

eharaé!erif.s all fahs or fAlinef"bfl"nces ." general.

Warer being volalil. an" earth fi xed , 1. lrs in general

are lefs volalil. Ihao ,he forrner, and Id! lixeJ

Ih~n

lhe

laller; thal is, fi re, IVhieh eanoor vQl.llillze , nd cHry

01T I'"re eanh, is e'palrle of rmfyiog and ..olalilil.ing a

f, liite fuht!ance ; but then th,s requires a grtaler ,kgree

of hear Ihan is necelfary for produeingIhe lallle

efi~<~,

pure w,rcr.

There'are feveral fortsof (,lIIS. dlfl','ringfrom one ,no–

dler in refpeé! eilher uf lhe qu.lnril)' or the

q~;llIy

01'

the

Wlh