1000000030

Seaion U.

Subhantives o[

tbe Sccond Ordtr,

cfllled

PRONOUNS.

mi"ine, and nculer.-l'he urilily of ·whith Ihl Cdold

Ii ,nttioo will be bd!

Ihew~

by ao cxample. Suppolio¡¡

Ihne was no fuendillinélioo, aod

ti",

we f,¡ol1ld read in

AII eonverr.lion pall'es belween indil'iduals. When

l:'eC~

nny

hi~ory

HE cauCed H

1" 10

de(lroy H

1M,

and wcrc.lol,i

indivlduals are uoknown

eaeh olher, how (l¡all Ihe one lhallhe pronoun which is here lhriee repealeJ (lnod eaeB

rpeakeraddreCslheolhel,wuenheknows nOI his name.jor lime fo r Comclhi ng dill'erenl; t1m is

C'y,

(or a mao,

lJOwexplaio hilOCclf by his own name, of whieh lhe for a w'omao, ano

Cor

a cilY, whoCe oamls were Alexan.

olher is wholly ignoranl? Thi¡ mighl perhaps have been der, Thais, and Perfcpolis. Taking Ihe pronoun IUUS

6r(l dfetled by poiotiog; bUI as Ihis melhod behoveo dive(led of its genders, it does not appear whieh of the

be extremely Ineonvenient and defecrive, it was neeeC- Ihree w.s de(lroyed, \lhieh the dc(ll'oyer, or which Ihe

rary Ihat a panicular clars of words fllOuld be inveoled eaufe lhal moved

Ihe de(lruélion. BUllhere is no amo

for Ihis purpofe

and as IheCe lVords always fupply the biguilY whenwe hear Ihe genders di(lingui!hed; and when.,

place of a noun, they have beco called PRONOUNS;- inllead of Ihe ambiguous Ceolence,

caufed

ti",

de.

the nature of whieh may be axplaiDed as follows .

(lroy

hi;/I,

we are lold wilb Ibe proper diflinélions Ihat

SuppoCe!he parties eonverJing lobewholly uoacquaiot- sHEeauCed H1M to de(lroy!'r. Then we knolV wilh cero

ed, aod lbe fubj eé't oftbeconverCation tobe Ihefpeakerhim- rainty, lbal Ihe promoler wa, Ihe 'Woman,lhal her inflru.

felf : here,

fupply the place of poioting, Ihe iDven- meot was Ibe

hm ,

and Ihal the fubjeé't of her cruelty

lOes of language have furoi!hed Ihe

Cp.~aker

witb the pro- IVas Ihe uofortunale

eit)"

- FromIhis example we would

noun 1;

1'Wriu , 1diftr:;

and astbe

fp~ker

is always prin- be furpriCed bow Ibe

Ita/ion, Frmeh

and

SpaniJh

could

cipaf wilb reCpeé't to his oIVn diCcourCe, Ibey have Ihere- exprefs IhemCelves wilb preeiGoo or elegance, with no

fore eallcd Ibistbe

pronoun

of Ihe

RST perrOD.

more Ihao two variations of Ihis perCon.

Agaio,

fUl'Pof~

Ihe fubjeél of thecooverfation

be Ihe

From Ihe fame caures as a diHinélion of gender is un-

party addrell'ed: here, for Gmilar reaCons, theyiovenled Ibe neeell'ary iD

~he

pronouns of the fir(l and feeood perCons.

pronoun TH OU , THOU

'Writej1,

THOU

'Wallrj/¡

and as Ihe we Cee Ihe reaCon why a Gogle pronouo

eaeh perfon,

party addrell'ed is oexl in dignilY

Ihe Cpeakcr, or at lea(l ao 1 for the firll , and a.THou (or the fecond, are fuffieient

comes oexl wilh referenee to Ihe diCeourfe, they Ihere- for all Ibe purpoCes of language, as theCe are always fUJ>–

fore called tbis Ihe

prono1m

of Ibe SECONOperCon.

poCed preCent and obvious. HUI il is

001

fo wilh reCpeé!:

BUI as Ihe rubjeé't of the converCalioo may be fome

Ibe Ihird perfon, as the various relalÍons of different

!hird objeé't difFereot from eilher Ihe fpeaker or the pany objeéls made it oeeell'ary

have oot

ene,

bUI

/nan);

fuca

addrell'ed, aoother prooouow..,oeeelfary¡ andas !his ob· as, HE, SHE, IT, THIS, THAT, OTHER, SOMB, ALL.

jeé't might be eithera

t//n/e

or a

fima/t,

or a

neufer,

it ANY,

&e.

wa, oecell'ary

hal'e one prooouo for each of the. gen·

Allbough we have faid ¡hat Ihere is only ooe prooouD

ders, HEEor tbe

maftu/ine,

SHE for

Ibeflminlne,

and for each of tbe 6rl! and feeond perfons, yel Ibe Englilh

for Ihe oeuler.: and Ibis, in diflinélioD

ihe

for~lCr,

reader may perhaps be puzzled wilb 6Dding IIVO di(lintl

-.vas called Ibe

pronoun

of the THIRO perfoo.-HlIIlce words applied

eáeh ; 1 and

M2,

for Ihe nr(l perfoo;

!he dj(lribulion

pronouos ioto

perfon!.

JHOU and THE8, for the fecond. The learoed reader

We have already feeo thal nouos'admit of Dumber; pro-

will

at ooee Cee that Ibefe IWO words M

and TH

oouos, whic1ure Ibeir rubmlules,likewiCe admit ofoumber. tre e'luivalenl to Ihe

pccufative

éaCe of lhe Latin pro·

Tbere m1y be maoy fpeakers of Ihe fame fenlimenl, .a, noun : bUI, in order

make Ihe meaning of tbis .as

IIIcll as ooe who includiog himCelf Cpeaks the fa me feoli plain..., poffible'withoul embarraffing ourfelves about un·

/DeOI with MANY ; fpeech may likewiCe be addrell'ed

oeeell'ary.lerms, we !hall ooly obCerve,

effeé't can be

>II.HY

at a lime as \Vell as tO ONE; aod Ibe' fubjec1 of p.roduced Wilhoul a cauCe, and DO aaion can be perform·

¡he diCcourfe may likewire be MAN Y; Iherefore Ihe pro- ed \VilboUl produeing Come effcé't. The fame perCon may

noun of tvery one of the

perfom

mul! admit of number,

diffc:reol circumllances be eilbe'r the aaive and efiicient

lO expreCs Ihis fingularilY or plurality. Henee,lherefore, cauCe

of,

or Ihe pallive Cubjeé't who fufFers b) an aélioD:

theproDounoflhe 6r(l perCon 1,bas Ihe plural WE; Ihatof fome languages have Iherefore formed dilferenl words to

Ihe fecond perfon THOU, has tbe plural YOU; aod lha! Ixprefs Ihe

f~me

objeé! in Ihefe differeol circum(lances.

of Ihe Ihird perroo HE, SHE, or lT, has Ihe plural THEY, Tltus io the Lalio. Cemeoces,

Brutul . mRv;f CRlfiUI/I,

IIIhich

equally applied

all

Ihe Ihree gendm.

Brulus loved Callius; aod

Calfiu! Rm.v;t Orufum,

Caf-

Wilh regard

gender, we d9 not find io any language fius loved BrulUs; Ihe word

Oruful

in Ihe fir(l, and

Cnf

¡hat Ihe prooouos of Ihe

FirJl

Smnd

perCons admil of

jiUJ

in lhe Cecood, is the form whieh lhe nQun aITumeJ

&Jlydillioétiooio Ihisrerpeét:

norwas ito~cell'arytbat

they wheo il is uCed as Ihe effieient cauCe; and

Or"t"!/1

and

Ibould; as Ihefpeaker aod parlyaddrell'<d are uCually pre-

CajTium

Ibe forms which the fame liouns all'umewh. n they

(COI wilh ooe anolher, thisdillínaion is generally obvious ale reprefeoled as Ihe pallive fubjcas . This la!! then wu

from drefs aod eXlernal appearance. BUI Ihis is nOl Ihe whal \Vas eaIlcd Ihe

aecufative

caCe uf Ihe noun, and the

~Ce

with regard

Ihe pronoun of Ihe

'Third

porCoo;

fi dl was called Ihe

nominatiot .

We have already Ceeo

1oIIhoCe charaé'ter and di(linélioos we Orteo koow no more thal!heEngli!h nouo admils of no caCes, Ihe aé'tive

Cubje~~

Iban whal \Ve learo from tbe diCeourCe itCelf; and Itcnce always precediog the verb, and the pallive followiog it,

it il,lhat io almo(l alllanguages Ihe pronoun of the Ihird as is plain from Ihe aho\'e feotences, where

Bruto!

aoJ

petron admils of genders, as we have already fetn Ihe

Calfiu!

remaio chaogeq in bOlb c,tualÍolls; aod Ihe

EDglilh admill of Ibe lriple dillioélion of nuCculille, fe- f.;ue miChl be obfcrv<d of al! olhcr Iaedw.

1.n~ua~el