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¡ ..

lYI

( , R:\

~l ~ l

is /["

al/ o/

!r"J~i'lg

.,.

roJJri:illg

MI)

11IJ.~utlg,"",lh

/''''/,rhl,l .

Gram1l1H cOllfidelcd as all

/¡'

n~celfJrily

fuppofcs

the prc,'ious exiflencc

01'

1.t~r.uaRe ;

and as ils defign is

to leach any bnguJge

Ihole \Vho are ignoran! of il, it

mufl

ad.IPlcd

lhe geniu, of lhal pJrlicubr langu.,ge

of wlllch it tredts.-:\. jult method

&ralllmar, tllere–

rore, fuppoling

language inll oduc:J by cuflom, wilh–

~U I

attemp¡jng any

allerJtion~

ia il, furnifhes cemin ob–

l<rvations c.t!led rules, tOwhich the melhods of fpeaking

ufed in this language nl1y be reduccd; Ihis colleéllon

of rules is ",hat is callcd a gr,¡mmar of anY..fanicular

language. Fur Ihe grwcr dlllinl1nefs ",id, rcgard to

thefe rules , grammarians ha"e ufually divided Ihis fub·

jea into fou r diflin, heads,

t'iz.

ORTHOGkArflV, or

Ih, . rl

C>lIIbinrng

Imm

inlo

[Jllab/:',

nlll; Jillnhlu

inlo 'W?rdl;

ETVMOL OG \' , or

Ih, arI o/ d,J"' /IIg

Dn'

ruJ"Jr:1

nn;ll:r, ronJ

I¿~

1'Or;IJUJ

m3Ji¡·~·311,)r.1

,.k¡'

11(

fo/lf,

nI/y

DO(

,,'.,,/

tan h,

dlv'rJi¡'~'d ;

SY~T .,:; ,

nI' what rclJtlS

1.\,.

'.nJirufli",.,.

Ú/I,

I!JI:

/" lili:'/1

11·,

,.mll

Illllgllac. illl.

fln/rl/m

/'/1/ .'/";

.nd

PRO SO OI',

01'

that IVhieh treals

01'

I}"

'tn

l.l//

i" a",!

OCC:I.II

h!I./hlII,

alltl

1.\, Ilr /

v/a–

¡/IIg

v:rfol.

1~lIr

grall'mar confiJe red as a

Srimcr,

views Ianguage

in ilt'.:Ir: r.ccleaing

p3rtieu~ar

modlfleations, or the an,–

logy IIhieh

,""d,

may be., ro

ML'h

olhu,

it examine:

the analogy anJ ,elation between

'W.,dl

and

Ihi'gl '

di–

f1ing',ifl¡es bet\Vecn thofe panieulm ,,'hieh are

,,,~/ial

I~ngu.g~,

anrl Ihofe whieh are only

arciJtnlal;

anrl

thus furnilhes

ee'taln fI:ndard 'hy whieh dilfmnt Ian–

~uagl!s

may be comparto; ano their feveral exeelleneies

or Jefeas pnioled out. Tltis is \Vhat is called l' II ILO–

SOPHIC or UNIVERSAL GU¡'OIU.

U N 1

A L G It A 1\1 M A

T is nOI necelfJry here to inquire holV language was

originally invented,

mce the various changes il

may have undergone, or tO cxamine whelher any one

language may be confidered as the original from ",hich all

others have been derived: it is Cufficienl for ou r purpofe

obferve, that all mankind, however diverfified in other

refpeas, agree in the common uCe of language ; from

whieh it arpeals, that language is not merely accidc"TItal

and arbitmy, but founded ia the nature of things, and

within the reaeh of all mankiod.

is thmfore ao ob–

jea wonhy of

philoCophie inquiry tO d.rcover the

fouadations upon whieh this univerf. l fab rie has beea

raif~d.

T he defignof freeeh is to publiOt tOothm the thollghts

and perecptions of our mind. The mofl aeute feeJings

of nlln, as wel\ as of (I'ery other animal, are expreffed

by fimple iaanicul,te fouads, whlch, as Ihey tend tO Ihe

preCervation of the indivIdual, are univerfally undedlooJ.

Ther~

inarticulate but fignific.1n t Counds, therefore, con–

flitute a natol al and uOIl'elfallanguage, whieh man, as a

mere ffnfilive beir.g. rartakes in common with Ihe other

animal,.

01.0

is not ooly endow.d "'Ilh IcnC.uon,

but " idt lile fAeult y of reafoning, fimple inarticolate

founes are inruflic:enl fur exprdling all dte various mndi·

fications

01'

IhuIIgllI, or for communiealing

others

cbain of argumenlwoo: it was thererore neeefldry

eall

in Ihe aid o

arli..

u/~/ion ;

",hieh

moJifying thefe lim–

pIe found', and b)' fi ing a rartieul., meaning tO thefe

modifi"tions, fúllns the language peculiar tOnun, and

whieh ¿iflin;:nilhlS him f,o:n all olher animal" and

en,bl,s 111m lO

c"m:n'l~ica

e lVirh f.ellllY all that d,,-er–

fit y ul idrJl wtlh "I.:.;I¡ hls mind

Iloled.

hef~

found"

thus m

'lhlild

.md Iilnn h atklerminz(e

mcanll1~t

are

CoII·

led \\' o. ns; antl .., all 1.,,'&u'l:e is rompnfed of fir.mfi–

cilnt

"\l nr\ts

\ .lItndl\'

(,ol11lllncd, a

kr.u\\let.I,:e

rllI':OI

is neeelf.,y rrelll u;

our aequ

rin~ ~n

aJcclu¿:c IJ • uf

IJogua¡;c.

But, as it is by \Vords t1llt \\'e expref¡ rhe "arioIlS

ideas which oeeur [O the miad, it is neeeffary to examine

how

id.as

Ihemldves are fuggefled , before we can aCcer.

tain the mious clafles ioto

whic~

Il'ords may be dillri.

buted. With Ihis view, therefore, let us fu ppofe a

tea–

(onable being, devoid of every prepolfeflion whmm,

plaeed upon this globe_

HI!

mention wuuld, io the firf!

place, be direaed to the v¡rious objeas whieh he faIV

exifling around him: thefe he would nalurally endeal'our

dillinguifh f,om one anothe" and give themname.,

by mcans of which the idea of them might

rmlled

when the objeas themfelves IVere abfen!. T his is one

copious (ource of words, and forms a nalur.1 cla(s whieh

muf! be eommon to every language ; and , Itieh

ddlin–

guifhed by d,e name of Nouss . And as thefe nouns are

the names of the feveral Cubll.nees ",llIeh exill, they h.'e

likewife b..n ealled SUBSTANTIVE' .

It would likewife be early dlfeovmd, that erery one

of Ihefe fubllanees "'e,e endowed \Vith eerrain qualities or

attribules, tOexprtfs \Vhieh anorher clars of IVordl would

be rcquifilc. Thus,

'W':gA/y,

is a qualily of mal–

ler;

/o/fin1.

is an atllibute of mano Therefore, inevery

l.nAuage, IVords have been rnvented toexprefs the VarrOU¡

~1I.hlltS

of the (evml objeas \Vhieh

c~irl.

T hcfe mav

all be comp..hended unde r rhe gener.l denominarion of

TRI nUTtVES.

TheCe tlVO

c1.lfc~

of ll'orr. OlUf! eomprehend all

rhi~~!

dm eXIf! ; for whalCI el' e,ilh. mull of nrccOin-

el–

Ihe,

a fublllnee,

01'

Ihe all"bute of fome

lilbl"o~e;

an.1

hcnee Ihefe t\Vo

c1~lfes

mull ellmpnhen,1 ,.tI Ihole lI'or,l,

whieh are

fi~nificant

of Ihemfehes, antl nHI'

,,11,,1

\loaos

SH-:SlflC .\' T

or TIIEMstL\{'

.ln't'

ulh.r

woro,

O.:CU'.

Ülly can only Le lignlfic.lnl

f,/

1.(..

11r, ,.

Itnd

cxrlJin ur

,onnc~l

the

wO/ds

ur Ihc t"o fúrOld

c1JIT,s.

HUI,

alth~lIgh t1lef~

,,'or.J1 furOl rhe h,(,s or rlIU.,

bncu.cc,

tlt _f.m nlJnner

J¡

Ilones

1"101

the