1000000030

d1\

building; yct, as flanes cannOl be amnged into a re·

1;ulJr Ilrullure WilhoUl a eement la binu

~nd

eonnct!

,h'I1I,

tbefe origindl word. Iland in n,ed

olhers

coondl Ihcm,

¡'dor~

Ihey edn be

m.de

exprels

dll

lhe

variety of our idcas. Anolhcr arder of words, lhere·

fore, were

OI<C~rr.1ry,

which, although not of themfelv6s

C,gnificont,

y~t,

",hen joined wilh others, might acquire a

mednlng. Thefe (orm a fecond general eJ,ls o( words

that

1n.IY

be ealled ·"'OR DS NO'!" OF TIHMSELVESSlGN I'

Fl eAH, and whieh canoot acquire any meaning but fa

far as they ferve eilher to EXP LAI H or CON'SECT the

OIbelS.

Hence, thmFore, all ",ords whieh can poflibly be in·

"eoted, may be diviJcd into twO ger.eral eJalfes; thofe

(hat are SlGNIFICANT OF THENHLVES, and Ihofe that

are NOT .

ords which are figoifican l of themfell'es, are

eilher expreflive of lhe oames of fubflances. ano there(ore

ealled SUBSTANT IHS; or, of qualilies, whieh we eall

<ATTOIBUT I V·E~.

Words whieh are not lignificant of

~hemfdves,

mull acquire a meaning either as defining or

rooneéling olhers, whieh we

nl~1I arrang~

under lhe lWO

'daJres o(

EFIN ITI

ES and CON NECT Ivos, eaeh of which

.1hall be examioed in their order.

H A l' T E R

l .

Of SUBSTANTIVES.

SUBSTANTIVES may be divided inlo two clarres,

lIiz.

~hofe

whieh are primary, eommonly ealled NOVNS; aod

thofe of a fecoudary order, IVhieh are ofteo fubllituted

for oouos, and are henee ealled PRONOUNS: eaeh of

~vhieh

we fhall confider feparately.

Seétion

l .

Subll.antivcs

01 tbe Firfl Order,

cntled

NO tl N'S,

NOUlrs are

01/

160ft wordl Dy 'lJJhich 05jdh or [uD'

jlanm art d.nominaled, and which diJIillguiJh Ihrm

I rom ont anolher, by namu app/ic. hlt lotach, wilhoul

",arling .ilher quanlily, Vlla/ilj, aflion, or rl/ali.".

Aod as all lhe objeéls whieh exifl mull be either in the

fame lIate that they were produced by

nalun,

or ehanged

from their originalllate by

arl,

01'

ahjlra{Jtd

from fub–

llanees by the pOVJers of imagination, this naturally fug–

gens a divifion of nouns into NATURA L, as

,.an,

II!!"

lah/., Iru,

&e.; AkTlflCIAL, as

houft, jI/ip, walch,

&e.; or ABSTRAeT, as

whilencf¡ , I"/lperanu,

&e.

But the diverfilY of objeéls being fa great as tOrender

il impoflible for any perCon tO know the diflinét names of

every individual, therefore il has been fou nd expedient

to arrange them uoder ce,lain general e!.fres, Ihe names

of whlch may be more eafily acquired, fo lhat .by re·

fming aoy unknown objefl tOthe clafl to which il be·

longl, we in fome meafure fupply the want

proper

namel. Henee, therefore, eaeh of the

ab~ve

fpeeics of

noun! are divided into lhofe which denote genera, fpecies,

aod individuals. T hus, in natural .fobRances.

animo/,

wgelah/"

and

l olft/t,

denote genera;

,.on, dog, Iru ,

"ulol,

are fpecíes; and

Ab'onder, C.rfor, o.A,

g.ld,

VOL .

Ir.

N° 57.

rore individuals. 1n artificial fubfianm ,

'(:liJa';s

a ge·

nus;

houft, 10,"tr,

Chllrch,

are fpecies

and Ihe

Vol;.

can, Tron·church,

and

H:rricl ',

h'¡¡'i/o/,

are indivi.

duals. In

all1ra{J·fubfl anees, 1II0/ioo

i, a gcnus;

J1igfl.

;¡nd

covrf,

are fpeeies; lhe

jlight

M.han" I,

the

c.u,ft

!"J'hounJ,

are indiriduals. Eaeh of rhefe

gener.tl

c1arr<s might be fubdivided in:o

m.ny

fmaller; bUI as

1hefe lerrer divifions can ollly relate tOdIe particular ge .

nius of difíerenl

·I an~uages,

it docs nOl f.1I wirhin OUT

plan

eonfider Ihern. 'Vve thereCore pfoeeed to lake

notiee of lhe aeeidents whieh aeeúmpany nouns.

which kind may be reekoned

nllmber

and

gwder.

As nouns are the names of fubll,nces, and as there

may be many fubllanees

Ihe fame kind, Iherefore

nouns mufl be adapted ·to exprefs whtther there is one

or more of tltofe objeéh of which \'le

fp~ak.

Neuns,

merefore, 'in crery languAge, admit of

eertain varialioo

to denote this eircllmlbnce, whieh is called

'/Unlber.

Thus, in the Englifh language, \Vhen IVe fpeak of a fingle

place of habitation, \Ve eall it

a h.uft;

bU! if of more,

we ea ll them

houfol.

In the firfl

thefe eafes the noun

is faid

be in the

}ingular,

and io the

h1f1

eafe, Ihe

1'lura/

number : nor does the Englifh, or any olher lao–

lluage·fxCept the Greek, admit of any other variation

:hU! thefe two': and although lhe Greek laoguage admits

(lf

particular variation of Ihe noun ealJed the

dual

num–

ber, whieh is a plural limiled

til'O objeéts; yet this

cannot be eonfidered as to language; and it is perhaps

doubtful whether this variation oughr to be confidered

e1egance or

defeél in that la"gllage.

Bu! although number be a natural aeeident of nouns,

it can only be confidered as errential to thofe whieh de–

nOle genera or fpeeies, as it does not dcfeend lO indivi–

duals. T hus "'e fay,

animal,

anillla/¡, vtgelah!u,

and

(olft/¡;

as alfo,

man,

Il1tn,

d.gl

, InCl,

&e. But

",e only fay,

XenophM, Cejar, RIICt/,halul,

&e. in the

Gngular. Nor do

t~efe

admit of a plural, exeepting

when lVe eonfider any proper name, as a general appella–

tive under whieh many others are arranged, when it is

longer tne name of an indiviJual, but Ihat of a fpecies,

and as fu eh admits of a plural; as the

Alerander¡,

the

Plolemia,

the

HO'TVard" the.pelhaml,

lhe

Monlagun,

&e. T he reafon of all which will be obvioos, if we coa·

fider, that cvery genus may be found whole and entire

in eaeh of its

/pecitl

for

1I1an, h,,/t,

and

d'g,

are eaeh

of them an entire and eomplele

allimal :

and

cvcry

fpe–

eies may be found ",hole and enlire in each of its indivi–

duals; for

SocralCl, Plalo,

and

Xenophon,

~re

eaeh of

them eompleatly and entirelya

1I1an.

Henee it is, Ihat

every

genul,

though ONE, is mliltiplied in:o "ANY; and

every

/pecitl,

though ONE,

alfo multiplied inro

MA SY,

hy "/trence lo Ifofo h,ingl 1uhieh art Ihcir[ubordillaltl .–

But as

no illdioidllal hu any [ueh [l/berJillalel,

il can

never in f1riélnefs be ccnC,dered as ".\ N\', anei fo is Iruly

an I

IVI t)U

as well in

nolure

as in

n;1I/',

and

Iherefore eannot . dmit of number.

Befides numba, another aeciden: of nOllns is

.emd,r,

Ihe nature of whichma)'

tltUS

explaincd:. As nocns are

the namcs of the

\'arin~s ( hjc,~s

in nltltre; an,j as the

diaina ions of fex is pe""puble among al: thofe ohicéls

whieh are animatcJ;

. ad as

thoCe

Idl! :,

are inanlmate

7 X

cannat