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A R

CARNATION, in botany. Sre CARVOPHVLLUS.

NA T

N·(o/~ur,

aOlong painters, is under(lood of

aU Ihe pans of a piélure, in gcnml, whch reprerent

flefh, or which are naked and wilbont drapery.

In colouring for Refh, there is fo grcat a variety,

that it is hard tO lay down any general rules for in–

Hnlélion therein; neither 'are there any regardcd hy

thofe who have acqnired a fl;i Urhis way: The

v~l'i

ous colouring for carnations,. may be

ear.ly

produced,

by taking more or lefs red, blue, yelloll', or bilh e, II'he–

thcr fol' the fir(l colonring, or for the finifhing: The

tolour fqr womeo fllou ld b: bluifh, for children a litlle

red, both frcOI and gay; and for the men it fhould

incline tO yeUow, efpeci ally if they are old.

CARNELlAN, in natural hi(lory, a

preci~us

f1one, of

which there are three kinds, dillinguiOled by three co–

lours, a red, a yeUow, and a whitc. The red is very

well known among us, and is fou nd io roundiOI or oval

malfes, much like our common pebblcs

and is gene–

raUy met \Vith betll'cen an inch and two or

time

inches

in diameter:

is of

fine, compaél, and clofs tex–

ture, of aglolfy furface

and, in theleveral fpccimcns,

of all the degrees of red, from the palen OeOI–

colour to the deepefl bload-red.

is generally free

from rpots, clouds, or variegatiollS

bU! fomrtimes it

is veine4 very beautifully with an extremely pale red,

or with white

the veins forniing concentric circles,

or otl,er Iefs regular figures, about a nucleus, in the

manoer of thofe of agates. The pieces of carnelian

which are aU of one colour, and perfeélly free from

veins, are thore which our jewellers ge-nerally make

Hfc of for feals, though rhe variegatedones are much

more beautifuJ. The carnelian is tolerably hard, and

capable Of a verygood polifh:

is not at aUaffeéled

by acid menflruums : The fire divefls it of a part of

irs colour, and leaves'it of a pale red

and a f1rong

and long conrinued heat wiUreduce it ro a pale dirty

gray.

The fine(l carnelians are thofe of the Ea(l Indies ;

bur rhere are very beautiful ones found in the ri"ers

of Siler.a and BobemÍ«; and we have fome not defpi–

cable ones in England.

Though the ancients have recommeoded the car–

oelian as aílringent, aod attributed a number of fanci·

fui vinues to ir, we know no other ufe of the f1one,

than the cutting feals on it, to which purpofe ir is

excellentlyadapted, as being not too hard for cuning,

and yet bard enough not to be liable ro accidenrs, ro

lake a good polí(h, and

feparate ea61y from rhe

wax,

€ARNERO, in geography, a name given to that part

of rhe golf ofVenice, which extends from the weffern

toaU of Iflria to the iOand of Grofl'á

~od

the coafl of

Mbrlaehia,

CARNE RO is likewife the name of'thecape

tbe wen of

rhe.mouth of!he bay of Gibraltar.

t_~RNIOLA,

a rerritoryof Auflria, in Germany, bound–

ed by Carinthia and Stiriil

the nor!h, and by Ihe

dominions of Veniceon thefoutli.

~ARNIVAL,

or CAR"NAVAL, a time of rejoicin&, a

lWQJl.:of mitth. obferved

1'4itb.

fleat folemnity by

'me

A R

Iraliaol, parricularly at Venice, holaing from twelfrl.–

day till lenl.

Feafls, b?.Ils, operas, concerts of mufic, intrigues,

marriages,

&c.

are chitOy hdd in

carni\'~I·time.

The

carnival begins at Venice rherecond holiday in Chrin–

mas: Then it is rhey begin to weal' maOls, and. o–

pcn rheir play-hollfes and

gamin~·houfcs;

the Place

of St Markis filled with mountebanks, jack·puddings ,

pedlars, \Vhores, and fuch like moh, wl.o Rock thi–

ther from

,11

parts: There have been no lefs than

(even fovcreign princcs, and thirty thour.lod foreign.

ers here, to pamke of thefe diverfions.

CAROB·tm.

Se~

CERATONIA.

CAROL! lA, a p(l)vince ofN. Amelica, belonging ro

Gl'ear Briraio:

is fimated, comprehcnding Geor·

gia, berween

75°

and

86' W.

long. and berwecn

31'

and

36' N.

lar. and bounded by Virginia on the north,

by the Arlantic otean on rhe ea(l, by Spanifh Florida

on rhe fouth, and by rhe Apalaehian mountaios

Ihe

wen ; or rather extends weUward, wirhout any limits.

is divided inio three diflinél gOI'cl'nments,

vit.

North and Somh Carolina, and Georgia.

CAROL!

IE·ho~k/,

rhe name of [our books, compofed

order of Charlemagne, tOrefute rhe fecond cOllOcil

of liee Thefebooks are cOllched in very harOI and fe.

vere lerms, containing one hundredand twenry heads of

accufatioo againfl the council of

N~ce,

and coodemnin.

rhe worfhip of images,

CAROLSTAT, a lown of Gorhland io Sweden, fitu –

ated at the north end of rhe Weoer·lake, about one

hllndr<!d and forty miles wefl of Srokholm:

loog,

13°

;d,

and N. lat.

59°

40'.

CAROLUS, an ancient Eoglifh broad piece of gold,

(lruck under Charles 1. its value has of lale beco at

Iwenty-rhree fhillings f1erling, though ar Ihe time it

was coined, it is (aid ro have been rated al t\Venty

fhillings.

CA ROLUS, a fmall copper coin, \Vith a linlc filver mix–

ed \Virh

~r,

(lruck under Charfes

VIII.

of France.

Thecarolus was worth twelve deniers, \Vheo it cea–

fed

be cumnr.

Thofe which are f1ill curreOI in rrade, io Lorrain,

or in fome neighbouriog provinces, go under rhe Dame

of frcnch fols,

CAROTID

arttriu,

io anatomy. See p.

226.

CARP, io ichrhyology, the Englifh name of a fpecíes

of cyprious. Sec CHRI NUS.

CARPENTRY, Ihe art of curúng, framing, aod join–

iog large pieces of wood, for rhe ufes of building.

is ooe of the arts fubfervient to archireélure, aod is

divided ioto houfe-carpenrry and fhip-carpeotry: The

firU is employed in r¡ifing roofing, flooriog.ofhoures,

&c,

aod the fecond in the building of fllips, barges,

&c,

The rules in carpenrry are much the fame with !hofa

of joi.nery

the ooly differeoce is, that carptntry. is

ufed

the largar coarfer work, ahd jllioery iD tbe

fmalter and curious, See ]OINERV.

CARPET, a fon of covering of fiuff, or other maleri,

als, wrought with !he needle ot

a IMm, which is

part of tbe furnimre of ahoufe, and commooly fprcad

ovcr.tablcs, or laid'uE,OD!he door. .

Eerfiaa.