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"'"JI ,ilha ; rDaeJ Jt M/ ,valll o[ illdinalior., o,
["m w'"1 o[POW!f.
Eul il eould nol p1m,d tilha [romwanl of inelina·
lion, ,,¡;omwanl o( po,va:
16m[ore hem ald Ih, w"ld p'rf,{I in ill kind; or,
lOhieh is Ihe f. me Ihing, It iJ ah[u,d lofOJ Ihal h,
did nol erenl' Ih, w" ldp" r,{I in ill ;'ifld.
The nalure Ihen of a d"",w", is univerfally Ihis.
The major is a condilional propofilion, lOhofe confequeol
conlains alllhe feveral fuppolitions upon lOhich Ihe aOle.
cedeD! can lake place. As Iherefore Ihefe fuppofilions
are IVholly remol'eu in Ihe ",ino,, il is e,idenl Ibal Ihe
amecedenl mull be fo 100; infomuehIhal lOehere alIVays
argue from Ihe removal of Iheconf' quent lOIhe removal
of Ihe anleeedenl. That is. adil"'l/fla is an argumen~
in the modul 10/"nI of hypolhet:cál [yllogi(.m, as logi~
cians fpeak. Henee il is plain, th,t if Ihe antecedent of
lbe m.•j or is an allirmative propofilion, Ihe conduCton of
Ihedil"lIma lOill be negalive; bUI if il is a negative pro·
poGlion, Ihe conduCton \ViII be a¡¡¡rmuive.
o¡ Dm/onJl,ali,n.
HAVING difpalched \Vhal [eemed necefrary lOilh regard
lO Ihe forms of fyllogifms, lOe /hall nolV explain Iheir
ufe and applicalion in rearoning. We have feen, thal il!
al! Ihe different appearances Ihey pUl on, lOe ílil! areive
al a juíl and legilimale conduCton : nolV il oflen happens,
Ihal Ihe conclufion of one (yllogirm becomes a previous
propofilion in anolher, by which means great numbersof
ü.emare (omelimes linked logd,er in a feries, and Irulhs
are made lO follolO one anolher in train. And as in fuch
a conealenalion of ryllogif.-m, al! Ihe various \V~ys o(
rea(oning Ihal are Huly conduCtve may be \Vilh fa(elY
inuodueed; henee il is plain, Ihal in deducing any Irulh
(rom il! firfl principies, efpecially \Vhere il lies al a con·
lirlerable diflance (romIhem, lOeareat liberly 10 combine
alllhe fevml kinds of argumen!! above explained, ~c·
cording as Ihey are (ound berilo fuil Ihe end and purpofe
of óur inquiries. When a propofilion is Ihus, by means
of fyllogifms. colleé!ed (rom olhers more evidenl and
knowo, il is faid 10 be provd; fo thal lVe may in the
general define Ih, proof if Ih, prop'.frlion 10 be a (yllo.
gifm. or feries of fyllogiCtns, eolb~ing Ihal propofilion
from known"and evident IrUlh!. BUI more parlieularly,
ir Ihe fyl!ogifins o( which Ihe proof coofl O! admil of no
premifr.! bUI definilions. (elf·evidtnt Irulhs, and propo·
lifions already ellablin,ed. th~n is Ihe ~ rgumeot fo con·
llitul~d called a d'/IlonJlr"li.,, ; \Vhereby il appears.
Ihal demonflmioros are ultimalely fouuded 00 d,finil iohs
<!nd felf.evidenl propofiti ons.
AII fyllo~ifms whalfocve r, whelhcr eomponnd, muIti·
form, or dc(,aive, arereducible10plainfimrlefyllogifms
io fom~ one of. Ihe fOllr figures. But Ihi! is UOt .11.
Syllogi fms o( the 6rlt figur e in p'-tli, ad:nil of al!
poflible eondufions : Ihal is. ar.y prcpofilioo Wll'lI fol·ver.
whelher an uni.erf. 1 at1l rmalivr, Or univerfa l ne¡:'liv~,
a partieolar . lIi rm:ui. e. or pJllicular ncr,alive. \Vhlell
fourfold divifion embram all Iheir va rielies; any one
of Ihe(e mar be inftrre~. by vinoe of forle (yllo,,~ili\l in
lhe firíl figure. By Ihis means the fv"l)~ir, " of :.lI lhe
olher "I}ures :lre reducible airo 10 fyllogi fms ohhe filll
G c. 99~
figure, .and mar be eonfidered as ílanding on Ihe"(ame
foundallon \Vilh Ihem. We cannOl here demonOlale anti
explain Ihe manner of Ihis redué!ion. lt is enough tO
lake nOlice, Ihat Ihe thing is univerfally known and al.
10IVed among logieian!, lO whofe lOritings we refer fueh
as dcfird anhcr falisfaé!ion in this mmer. This Iben
being laid down, il is plain, Ihal any demonílralion \Vhat.
foever may be eonfidered as eompofed of a feries of
f)'lIogifms. all in Ihe firfl figure. For finee all Ihe fyllo.
gifms Ihal enler Ihe demonflration are reducible 10 fyllo.
gifms of fome one of the four figures, and fioee lhe fyllo.
gifms of all lhe olhcr figures are (anher reducible 10 fyllo.
gifms of Ihe (¡ríl figure, it is evidenl, Ihal Ihe \Vhole de.
monUralionmaybe refolved inlo a feries of Ihefe laíl fyl.
Iogilins. Le! us no\V, if poflible, difeover Iheground UpOB
whieh Ihe condufion relh, in ,fyllogiCtns of Ihe 6rflli.
gure i becaufe, byfo doing, \Ve (hal! come al an univer.
fal principie o( certainly. whtnC1! Ihe evidence of all dc.
monllratioos lheir parts may be uhimm ly derived.
The rules Iheo of Ihe firíl figure are Ihefe. Themid.
dI, lerm is Ihe (ubjeé! of Ihe mojor propofilion, aod' lhe
predicale of Ihe minor. · The mojar is allVays an univer.
fal propofilioo, and Ihe minar alIVay! .ffirmalive. Let
us now fee \Vhat effea ,hefe rules \Vil! have in reafoning.
The mojor is an univerfal propofilion, of which Ihe mid–
df, Imn is lhe fubjeé!, and Ihepredicol' of Iht COI/e/II–
Jion Ihe predicate. Heoee il appears, Ihal in Ihe major.
Ihe ! " dienle of the coneluJion is always affirmed Or de.
nied univerfally of Ihe mlddl, I",n. , Ihe",iflor
is ao allirmalive propofilion, .whmo( Ihejuhj,{I o/,h~
cone/uJion is Ihe (ubjeé!, and ,he middl, "rlll Ihe predi.
cale. Hcre Ihen.lhe middl, 1m" is allirmed o( Ihe [u6.
j,a of rh, coneluJiOf/; Ihal is, Ihe(uhj,{I ofIh, conc/u·
Jion IS allirmed 10 be comp"ehended' under, or lO make a
pan of Ihe middl, ,''',,. Thus Iheo lOe fee \Vhal isdooe
io lhe p«lIIiju of a fyllogifm o( Ihe firlt figure. The
pr,dicale o[lh, conc/IlJion is univerfally alJirmed or de.
nied o( fome idea. The [ubje{l ofIh, .. is alli ....
Oled 10 be or 10 make a parl o( thar idea. Henee il na.
lurallyandunavoid.blyfollows. Ihat Ihe prdiw, o[lh~
cone/uf.. oughl 10 be affirmed or denied of Ihe (ubjea.
To illuflrale Ihis by 3n example, IVe Olall refume ooc of
Ihe (ormer fyllogifms.
Et'CTJ m alure pif'rffid o[ reajon nnd lib,,'} j¡ a(–
CO/llllabl,[or hiJ at/ionl ."
M.m j¡ a m alure poffi.ffld o[reafan and libuf).
nu.¡o" lIIan iJ arcounlaM, [or hiJ a{lion¡ ..
Here, in Ihe fi líl propofilion, Ihe predicare of Ihe con–
clufion, accollfllabl""p , is aflirmed of all crealures Ihat
have" ofo" aflJ Iib4flJ. Again. in rho (cwncl propofi lion.
ma", Ihc (ubjcé! of Ihe condufion, is allirmed 10 be or
10 make a pan of IhedaCs o( crealures. !-Ience Ihecon·
clufionncecrr"ily and unavoidablyfollows, viz.lhaI IllM·
iI nc, ormt. blefi r hil .{lion¡ ; becaarcif reafonandlibeny
be lb:n w!Jich conflj[lltes acreattlre acc1un/ub!!, and mall
has 1c< ' and liberty, il is plainhe:m Ihal I~hich eonlli·
IUleshinlacmml'lb/c. Jn likem,nner, whereIhe .,nj" is.
aneSalive p,opo(ilion, ordenies Ihe¡,.ediL·(/I, o/Ih, co"cllI'
.JiM univerÚllyof Ihe1/11ddl, 1'1'/11, as Ihe "';':"'"I\\'ays af·
fcrt~ Ihe .(¡¡(oj, {I of (l., mJC!II.JiOf/. 10 bcor m.tke a p:trl of
Ihat lIIiJJlc lerl/l, itís no kfsevídem, Ih:lI lhc f r,.!icalto)'
I.!e