1000000030

99'7

di!jl:n.1ive pr.OpOfilion, lhe fyllogifm

10'

which il be'

longs is

alfocall~d

diljlldlive,

as in Ihe followior, eXlmple :

'Jhe 'W"/./

,ilh" folf ,xiJ!'''I, o, IL'e 'Wo,t

[oIlU

fil/Íle, o, of('/IIe infir.i/d,i

"g ,

Bul il il n,1fof¡

exijJ.nl,

Ih.

'f))O,~

a!l/il' being.

'{heto/m

Íllhe

'Wor~

an infil/ile oáng.

Nowa disjunélive propofirion is rhar'whm, of feveral

p edicares, we afu rm one necelfarily

belonglo lhefub·

Jcét,

Ihe exclufioo of all the relt, but Icave rhat par·

ticular ooeundetermined. Heoce irfoHows, rhar as foon

,s wedelernlÍne lbe particular

pr~dicale,

aHrhe ¡en are

pr courfe ro be rejeéted

or ir IVe rejeét aH rhe

pr~dicarel

but' one, tba! ooe necelfarily takes place. Wheo

lher~,

fore, ina

tfilJunfli~e

fyllogifm, the feveral predicales are

coummted io the

majo,;

ir Ihe I/¡ino,ellablilhes anyone

of tbefe predicares, Ibe concluGon ought' to remove aH

the ren

or ir, io the

min",

all the predicares but one

~re

removed, lhe conduGon mufl necelfarilyenablilh lhat

pne, Thus, io Ihe

'tiiJjllnOi~e

fyllogifmgived above; the

'major

áflirms one of th ree predicates to

beloog.ro

Ih~

(irlh,

viz, /elfexij/ellce,

or rhat it is

Ihe

1V~r/¡

Jnile

oi that it is

Ih( 'Wor1

infinite being,

Two

Ihefe· predicale5 .are removed io lhe

,j¡iNor,

viz.

fllfexij/ence,

and

Ihe .'Worl

fin~te

oeillc"

Hen~o

!he.,conduGon necelfanly

afc~tlies,

II the thl¡d predI.

iale,

an'd á/lirms that it is

In, 'W"l

I1n infillile oeing,

Jf now we give the fyllogifm aoolber lurn, infomuch thal

I~e

inio'or may enablilh one o( the predicales, by allirming

jbe.earlh·tObe

Ihe ,roduEli$n

11/1

infinile.bting;

the~

Ih~

conrluijon murl remove the 'Olber two, alfertiog

ocilher

folfexij/to t,

nor

the 'Wort

finit, bting,

rhe(~

are Ihe forms. óf reafooiog in tltis

fpecies.of

fyllo>

gifms, the

jun~efs

~hich

appearsat 6r(l Gght; aod tha.

there can be

otber, is evident from the

v~ry

natureof

a disjunéti.e propoGtion•

. lo the feveral kiods or fyllogifms hillierlo meOliooeQ,

tbe pam are complete, tbal is, Ihe Ihree propofitioos of

which Ihey conGn ire reprefenled in formo Bút ir ofuo

happeos; Ibal' fome 'ooe of ·the premilfes is not ooly

e.vident trutb , bUI alfo familiar aod in Ihe minds of all

men

in which cafe it is ufuaUy omitted, whereby we

bave an imperfeét fyUogifru , that feems

be made up of

only IWO propoGlions. Sbould we, forinllance, argue iD

Ibis maoner;

EverJ

men

ÍJ

/IIorlal

. 'Jhere(ore ev(,)' /¡ing

ÍJ

I/tO,tnl:

Ibe

fy~ogifm

appears to be impcrfeét, as confifling, but

of IIVO propofitions. Yet ir 'is really complele, only

Ihe

lIIir.o, [F.verJ

~i"g

ÍJ

a ,..n]

is omitted, and lefr

the reader tO fupply, as being a propofition fo familiar

aod evident, thar it cannot &ape bim.

Thefe feemingly imperfeét fyUogifms are caUcd

en/by.

IJ/ema.

and occur very frequentl yinreafoning, efpecially

where il makcs a pan of common converfation. Nay,

there is a parricular elegance in them ; becaufe, not dif·

playing tbeargument in aUits pans, they leave fome"hal

thecKercife and inl'enlion of Ihe mind , Bytbis means

\Ve areput upon cxerring ourfdl'es, and feem In Otare in

!hedifcovelyof wbal is prorofcJ to

liS,

No" rhis is the

grea. fe:ret of fine

IVrttnlJ:.,

fo tofnmc and rur togetber

our thonghts, as

~ive

full pla)'

tbe reader's i:lIlzina.

VOL,

11. No. 68.

tion, and draw himinfcnfibly iroloonrI'¡ry vicws andCOUI

of re,foning , This gives a pleafure nOl unlike

rh~t

which rbe ,author h:mfdf feel, in compoGng.

befides

fllOmns dlcourfe, and adds a cemin force and liveliricf;

our ¡rguments; \Vheolhe Ivordó in which they are coo.

veyed (avour the natural quicknefs of the mind in its

operatioo!, and a fingle exprdlioo is le(t

exhibit

whole train ofthoughls,

BUI there is another fpecies of rearoning wilh two

propoGtions, IVhich feem!

be complete in ilfclf, and

~h:re

we admit the concluGon "ithout fuppaGng any'

lam or fupprclfcd judgmenr in the miud from which it

follows fylloginically. Thi! happens bCl\vcen prop...G.

lions where the conneétioo is fuch tha! Ihe admiffion

lf Ihe one necelfarilyand al the firn fighl implies the

admiflion alfo of Ihe olher. for if ir fo

f.lI

, out, thar

lhe propoGlion un whichthe other depends is fdf·l'videor,

we content

ourfcl~es

"ith barely aflirming ir, an,! infer

Ihat olher by adireél concluGon. Thu!, by .dmilliog an

univerfal propoGtioo,

are forced alfo to admit of al!

lbe panicular propofitioos comprehended untler il,>this

.beiog ·the very condition lbu conHilUtes a propoGtion

uoiverfal. If then Ihat uoiverf,1propoli lioo chaoces to

be felf-(videnl, the',panicular ones follow of. coutfe,

withoulany farlhertrainof reafoning. Whoever allolvs,

for inllance,'

,hal Ini"gl equal li

OJl'

allá Ihej07JJe IhiJlgl

are (qua! lo

I1no¡hef,

mull at rhe fame time allol'1,

Ihal I'WO Irianglu, each ¡qual "'Iqllare 'Wh,fo jid:

Ihm inehu, are alfo ,equal oel'W:en Ih"nfo!vtJ.. ·

This

argumenl Ihererore,

'Thillg~

'qua! lo

alld Ih,lam, Ihir.(. re eguat

'Jit

afio/hu;

'JO",¡",

Ihefo

louJ.

1'¡l1ngla/ eaehe911.,II. the[quare

/in(

three ineheJ,

a,e

equal b,lween Ihe/JI·

folo(l,

js complele io ilS' kind, and conlllOs all thH is necelfuy

towards a jun and legitimate coocluGon,' For rhe firl!

or univerral propoGlion is

felf.el'

ident;· and tberefarc

r¿quires no fa rlher proo(, And as thc truth of Ihe

particul" is' infeparacly coont:aéd

~,ilh

that of the uni·

verfal, ir follow5 from it bv an obvious and unavoidable

confequeoce.

Now in all rafes of this KlOd, \IIhere propofitions are

deduced one from another, on aceount of a known and

evidenr conoedion, IVe are faid tOmfon by

imm,dia,.

wifeqUtl/C(,

Sud; a cohérence'o( propofiriool, 'maoifefl

at fidl fight, aud forcing itfdf upoh the mind, frequently

occurs in reafoning. Logicians have explained at fo:ne

lenglh die fmral fuppoGriQDs upon.which ittakcs place,

and allo... of al!

i/JImdiate conj'qutJJw

Ihal follow in

conforruilY

'10

theni.

ii howtvcr ohfervable, Ihal

thefe argumenl!, .though feemingly complete, becau:e

the cdncluGon follows necelfuily from the Gngle propo·

firion that goes before, may yel

confidered as real

enthy/JIc/JIu,

wbofe

m.jor,

"hith is úoodirional propoG.

tion, iswanlÍng. The fyllogifOl but jun ruenrioned, when

reprcfenred acconling tO this vieIV, ",i ll run as follows:'

IhingJ 'qual lOo"e alld Ih, [uHe tUÍlIg a't ,vual

,r.,

al/ol"', ; tnefe I'W' lriallglel, e,¡ch ,vual lO

/qua;! 'Whofojide

illu,~r

iizchCJ,

ir"

nlfo tqual h,l'Wun

IhclJlfe!~:I.

Bu'