1000000031

P A P

453

PANTALOON, a fon of g>rment, eonfi Cling of breecht ,

and 1I0cking' all of ooe pi ,ce; faid to havc b,eo hrll in–

troduced

(he Venctians.

P.'\NTHEON , in Roman antiquity. a temple of a circnlar

lorm, dedicated

all ,he god,: lt wa' buil,

Agrippa,

fon.in.Jaw

AuguHus

bu[ is no\Y convC!rted ioto a

church. and dedic.Jted

tO Ihe

Virgi n and all che

manyrs.

P ANTHER, in ?oology. See L Eo.

PANTOMIME, a perlon who imi,ates all fort, of aaions

and charall:ers,

mere

gdlures,

witbout fpeaking a

word.

P ANUCO, aei'yof Mexieo, fituated at the OIouth of a river

of the fame name, amI whieh falls in 'o the gulpb of Mexi–

eo: W loog.

1030,

and N la! .

23 0 .

P APAVER, io botaoy, a genus of the polyandria mono–

gynia el"f.. The eorolla confiCls oHour pe,al" and the

calix o( {\Va leayes. There are nine fpecies", lix

thcm

natives of Britain,

viz.

the bybridum, ar round rough–

headed poppy; ,he eambrieum, or ycllo_w poppy; ,he

{omoiferum. ar

wild

poppy; the orgemone, or long

roogh_headed poppy; the rbceas, or red eorn-poppy; aod

,be dubium, orlong r.nooth.headed poppy. For ,he me–

dieal propertiesof poppy, fce OPtUM.

PAPENHEIM , a 'own of Fraoeonia, io Germany, fubjeé<

to its Qwn caunl :

Jong. 11 ° ,

Ja.l .

48°

55 / ,

P APER, /hee" of a ,hin maner, made of fome veget.ble

fubClanee.

The mate,rials

which mank iod have, in difl"dent a–

ges,

contrived

tO writc thcir fentiments, havc been ex·

trt meJy various; in the ead y ages lbey made ufe of Hooes,

aod tables ofwood, wax, ivory,

Oc.

8ee B OOK.

PdPU,

with (egard tO lhe maneer of

m~kieg

it, and

,he O1ateriaJs employtd there¡n, is reducible tO feveral

kind.; as Egyp,ian paper, made of the ru/h pa pyrus;

bark.paper, made of [he inoer dnd of Ceveral {(ees; cot–

t oo paper; ineombuCl..ble paper; and Europeao paper,.

made oflinen rag' .

Egyp,ian paper \Vas prioeipally ufed among ,he aneien,,;

beiog made of ,he papyrus, or biblu., a fpeeies of ru/h

whieh grew on ,he b.oks of' tbe Nile. lo Olaking i, intO

paper, ,bey began Wilh loppiog off , he , wo extreme. of

the plant, the head and the root; lhe remaining par.,

which was the (tem, they cut JcogthwiCe into two nearJy

equal pans, and from eaeh of ,hefe ,hey Clripped ,he fca –

Iy pellicles of whieh i, eonliCled . The ionermoCl of thefe

pellides were looked on

,he beCl, and ,ha' neareCt the

nod as ,he worn: they "'ere ,herefore ' kep' apart, aod

made tO COnnilUt. ,wo di/f<reot fons of papero As the pe!–

licles were takeo off, they extended them on a lable,

Jaying ,hem over

e.eh

other tranfverfely, fo

tha! , he

libres made right angles: in tbis nate ,hey were glued

,ogether by

muddy waters of lhe Nile; or, when–

thore were

00'

tO be had, with palie made of the finell

wheat-lIour. mixed \Vith hOI water and a fprinkling of

l'ioegar. The peIJ icles were next pre(fed to get out the

water, theo drid, and lafll y flatted and fmoolhed by

beariog ,hem witb a mallet : this was ,he Egyptian paper,

which was fome,imrs fanber poli/hed by rubbiog i, with

glaf.-ball, or ,he like.

Bark-paper waS ooly the inoer whiti/h rind, indofed

betweeo tbe bark aod the wood of feveral trees, as lhe

maple, plane, beeeh, aod elOl, but efpeeially the ,i1ia, or

!,icAeo-trec, whieh

wa~

tbat moflly ufed for lbi, purpofe.

P A P

00 [bis firiprcd

o(f,

fLHted, and dried .

th~

:1cier.ts

wrGte'

Looks, fevual o f whích <lre Caid

HiU

extaot.

Chinef~

p"per

of various kinds. Sorne is made of

the rinds or barks of trr:es, eCpeeialJy

tn .!

mu!bcrry.tree

and elm, but chieHy

the bambu aod CO(:on tree.

faét, almoJ1 eaeh provioce has its fevend paper. Thc pre.

paratioos of paper made of lhe barks of trecs, ma y be

inHanced io tllat of the bambu, which i, a tree of tbe cane

or reed kinJ . T he feeond Ikin of the buk, which

fof,

and white, is ordinarily made ufe of for paper: this ¡s'

beat in f.lÍr water to a pulp, which they ti:tke up in larse

moulds, fo thar fome lheces are

abo

twclve fe:et in

length; ,hey are completcd, by dipping them /hee, by

fhet::t, io alum·waler, which Ccrves ¡nClcad of [he fizl! a·

mong us, and nOl only hioders the paper from imbibiog

the ink, bUl makes it look as if varDirhed

OVN.

1"'his pa–

per is while. Cofr, and cloCe, without lhe lellCl roughnefs;

though it cracks more ea(jly than

Europe~o

papee, is

very

fubjeél: to be eateo by the worms, and lts thione(s makes

it JiabJe to be

(000

worD out.

Conon-paper is a fon of pape, which has been in ufe

upwards offix hundred years. I n ,he Freneh king's lib'.–

ry are manufcripts

this paper, which appear to be of

the Xth ceotury ; aoCl·from the XIlth cemury, Cotton

manurcripts are more frequeot than parehmen[ C?nes. COI·

ton_paper is Clill made io ,he E an-lodie., by beating

eot~

,on <ags to a pu lp.

Lioeo or European paper appeí\rs tO ha\-e been 6rfi in·

trodueed aatong u, ,oward, the beginning of the XIVth

century; but by whom this valu...ble commodity was iD·

veo,ed, is no' known. The .method of mak ing paper of

linen or hemp'en.rags, is as follow9. The linen. rags being

carried to the mili, are fidl: Coned, lheo wafhed very

d ean in puncheons, whofe fide, are grated with IClrong

wires , and ,he boltoms bored full of hales. Alrer ,bi,

,heyare fermen,ed, by layiog them in hcaps dofe eovered

wim faeking, ,ill ,hey fweat and rot, whieh is eommonly

done in fouror fiveday'. Whenduly fermentcd, ,hey are

twified

¡OlO

handfuJs, cut CmalJ, and thrOWD into oval

mortars, made of well-feafoned oak, abnu, naif

yard

deepr with ::ln iroo_plate at boltom, an ineh thick, eight

ioehes broad, and thirty long; iD,he midJle i, a wa/hing–

block,

g~ooved,

with fi ve holes in ¡l. and a piece of hair–

tie'e faCleoed on ,he infide; ,his keeps lhe bammers froOl

touching it, and prevents any thing goiog

Out

except the

foul water. Thef .. mortars .re eOD,inually fuppl ied with

water, by little troughs from

eiClern, fed by buekets

Ii..

d 'o the (everal BoalS of a great wheel, which raife.

the wooden hammers for pouoding the rags in the mor–

tars o When lh e rags are uealcn to a certaio degree, cal·

lecl the Srn Clulf, ,he pulp. is remo\'ed ioto boxes, made

like corn.chandlers bins, with the boltom.board aflant,

and a linle C;paration

the fron for the water to

drain a\Vay. The pulp of ,he "gs beiog io, they take a–

way

many of ,he fron , boards

are needful, and

prer. the maf, hard dnwn \Vi,h their hand,; ,he nex' day

, hey put on another board, and acld more pulp, ,i]] the

box is (ull

and here il remains mellowing a week, Olore

or lefs, aeeording to the wea!her. After , his, ,h: Clo/f is

;again pUl ioto clean monars, and is beateo afrefh, and

removed into boxes, as before, in which (late

is calJed

the fecond Clu/f. The mal, is bea! a third ,ime, ti]] fome

it beiog mixed with fa ir water, acd bre\\'ed 'o and fro, .

arp·au.; ,