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llaving Ihus fhmo how Ihe anci~ol Brilifh lao~u~ge
was io a maoocr extirpaled by the Ilomaos, Danes,
and Saxons, anJ fuccceded by the Saxoo, aod ah..r
that Ihe Saxon blcnded \Vilh Ihe Normao Freoch, we
f.13l1nolV mentioo tIVO oth~r caufes of change io the
I.oguage: the fir(l of thife is owing to the Hrilons
haviog been a long time a trading nalion, \Vhereby of-
6ces, digoities, oames of wares, aod terms of I!>/Iic
are iOlroduced, whieh IVe take wilh Ihe wms from
!he pcrfoos of IVhom we have them, and form them ?
oew, aceordiog to the genius of our own toogue;
and bcfrdes this thange in the language, arifrog from
eommeree, Hritaio's h"iog beeo a coofrderable time
[uhjea to Ihe fce of Rome, io (eclefra(lieal affairs ,
mult uoavoidably iotroeuee fome Italiao words amoog
uso Seeoodly, as to Ihe particular properties of a lao–
guage, our tongue has uodergone 00 linall mutatioo,
or mher has reeei,'ed 00 fmall improv<men.t upon thde
aeeouol: for, as to the Greek and Latin, the learn·
ed have, togelher with Ihe am and feieoees OOIV ren–
dered familiar amoog us, iotrodueed abundaoee; nay,
a!moll all the lerms of m in Ihe mathematies, philo–
fophy, phyfre, aod analomy; aod IVe havo eOlertained
maoy nlO'e from the Latin, Freoeh, Oc, for th<!'
of oratoers aod elegaoey: fo Ibal, al Ihis day, our
laoguage, whieb aboul 1800 years ago, was the ao·
cil'nI Brilifh, or \Veleh, Oc. is 00'" a mixture of
Saxoo, Teulooie, DUleh, D,oifh, Norman, and mo–
dero Freoeh, embellifhed wilh the Greek aod Latio.
Yellhi!, in our opinion, is fo far from beiog a difad–
vanlage 10 Ihe Englifh longue, as now fpoke (for al1
Iao&uage! have undergone ehanges, and do eoolinu,lIy
panicipm wilh eaeh olher/ lha! il has fo enriehed it,
as 10 beeoOle the mol eopious. fignificaOI, flucnt,
ecurteous, and mafeulioe I.nguage in Europe, if not
in the \Vorld,
ENGRAFTIN'G, or GUFTtNG, in gardeoion. See
GAROENING .
E 'GRAILED, or lNGRAtLEO, io heraldry, a term
derived from the Freoeh grrJlj , hail; aod figni fying
a thing Ihe luil has fallen upoo aod broke off th~
edges, leaoiog them ragged, or ",ith hali.rouods, or
femicircltS, flruek out of ,heir edges.
ENGRAVING, the art of eulting metals and preeious
(looes, aod reprefcnting thereod figure!, Imell, or
IYh~tever deoiee, or defrgo, the arti/l faocies.
Eograviog, properly a branell of feulplure, is di–
vided ioto feoml other braoehes, aecordiog ro the
lOaller \Vhere~n il is emplo)'ed, aod Ihe m.llner uf
performiog il.
The origil/nl way of engr3viog 00 wnod i, deoomi–
OateJ at pr&ot, ",ith us, by eutting in wood ; tha!
00 metals with aquafoltis, is named etehing; Ilrar by
thekoife, huroiOler, puoeh, and ferarer, i, ..lIetl DIez·
~otinIO; that 00 (l00l! for tomb!, Oc. (looN ulliog;
aod thal performed ",ith the grava 00 mctals or pre·
eio,,, fiOOtl, keeps alooe the primitive oame of ' o·
graviog, being that whteh we Olall at -prtfent atleod tn.
EWGIl4V tNG .n coN", isel11plo,ed in reprefeoti n~ por–
traitS, hínoric!, landfldps, foliJ.;es, fi~l!res, uuiltl-
~ 99
...
) 1'. •
ior,s, é"c. , ither aftu painl;ogs, or de(,gns for 111lt
rurpQfe.
lt is i'erforOleJ ",itll the graver CD a plm o( eop–
per, whie!l, bciog wel! rolin"d, is eovered over tllln–
Iy with vlrgio-",,,, 30<1 thrn fmoothed, ",hile war m,
w;tll a feather, fo that Ihe wax be of ao equal thiek–
nefs on Ihe plate i and on tnis Ihe draught or defigo,
done io black le,d, red ehalk, or uogummed ink, is
Iaid with lhe faee of the dra\Ving 00 the \Yax: then
they rub the baekfrde, \Vhieh \ViII eaufe Ihe whole de-'
frgo of the drawing tO appear on Ihe wax. '[he de–
Ggo, thus transfemd, is Iraeed throu~h 00 the eop–
pn, wllh a pOIOI. or Deedle; Iheo he>tiog the plm,
aod tak:ng ofF the \Yax, lhe /lrokes remaio lO be fol-
10\Ved, hetghteoed, r!:;c, aeeordiog to Ihe teoor of Ihe
dcfrgo, ",ith the graver, ",hieh mufl be 'ery /harp aod
...ell pointed
Jn the eoodua of ,he graver eonfi(ls almG(I ,11 the
, art, ~ hieh dereods OOt fo mueh upoo rub as upon
praa,ee, the habitude difpofruon, aod geoius of the
arull, ,he prioelples of eograviog bcing the fame with
thofe of p.ioting; for if ao eogriVtr De Dot a perfu't
m.Uer of defigo, he eao never hope tO m ive at a de–
gree of perfeélion io this arto Jo eonduaing the
/llokes, Or eulS, of the gra..er, he- mua obfcrve the
aaion of Ihe fiogers, aod of alllheir pam, wilh their
ou:lioes ; aod remark how they adl'3nee tOIVards, or
fdll baek from his fighl, aod then eondua his graver
aceordiog to Ihe rifrDgS or c.vllie! of Ihe mufcles, or
rolds, IVtdeoing Ihe IIrokes in the light. aod con–
traaiog them i~ the fhades; as alfo at Ihe extremity
of the oudioes. to IVhieh heought to eoodua,the CUt!
of Ihe graver, thal the figur.s o, objeas rrpr&oted
mal' not appear as if they go~wn. and liehteoing his
hand, th~¡ the oudioe! may be perfe/Uy fouod, with–
om appeariog CUI or Dil: and, althoogh his firokes
neeeflarily break off where a Olufde begios, yet Ihey
ought always tOhave a remin eoontétioowith each o–
ther, (o tbal the firO (lroke fhould orteo f<rve to make
Ihe feeond, bemfe this ..ill lhewlhe freedom of Ihe
graver.
If hair be the fubjea, lel Ihe eograver begio his
work by making the ~utlioes of the priocipal loeks,
and fl{eteh thrmout in a earelófs maoner, wbieh may
be finiO,ed, at leifure, Wilh finer aod th,ooer aro~es to
the very extremities.
Toe engraver mnO' a"oid m~kiog very aCUle angles,
ef¡,eeiaily io rcprcfeoting neOl, wheo he erorres the
firO Hrllkes with the ¡"'IOJ, beraufe il wlII form a
vely difagrmble pircc of lahby,like lattiee·",ork el(–
eept io the reprereotation of fome clollds. io tempeOs,
the \Vave~ o( the fea. aOlI io rep,'cfeowioos of n,ins of
hairy,oimal!, aod leaves of tl'ee$. So that the me–
dium b~tween fqll3le ,od aellte f"eo15 10 be the bd\
aod mol! .grmolc to th .. eye, He th" w(luld r~pr(.
fent fe"!ptme, llIun rem,mber, th~t " tI.tUll, Oc are
moll eOOlmonlyn""le of whlte ni,1rblc, Jr 1I00e, Ilh"fe
eolollr d"es OOt prodllee d"k O",lcs 'dS other
mattm do, Ihey Ime 00 10 t"dr eyts, n(lr hair
of lhc heJ,1allJ L,arJ !Iyion in tite )ir. Ji th~ en~ravcr
\·,'oul.l