1000000030

D U L

to fight in Iheir ficad. Thc

rUninlll\~I:t

of ILe

VJIl·

quiOICd ",as eilher

d~alh,

hal1~ing

I1r Odl\.llling;

or, mutilnion of membas, aeeordiog 10 the ci",·"!:l·

fianees of Ihe eafc. Ducls \Vere

{inl a,'lI1ittl'l1 not

only on criminal o:eaGons, but on fome eiril ones fo r

!he maintellanee of rights tO eUales, and the like : in

Iatler limes, however, before lhey \Vere intirely abo·

lifhed, they were reUrained tO thefe four cafes.

Thal thc erime fhoulJ be capital.

Thal it fhould

be eenain the erime was perpetratcd. 3. The aeeu·

fed mufi, by eommon fame, be fuppofed guilty. .'\.nd,

4. Th: maner not eapable of proof by wiloelTes. At

prefeol it is ufed fo r a fingle combat 00 fome pl ivate

quarrel, aod mufi bcpremeditaled, otherwife it is eall·

ed a reneounter. lfa perfon be killed in a duel, both

the priocipals and feeoods are gui!ty of murder, whe·

lher the feeonds eogage or no!.

is airo amy high

offence to rhallenge a perfon, either by word or lener,

or to be Ihe melTenger of a challenge. The fevere

ediéls made by Lewis XIV. againfl duels

have,

in a

greal meafure, pUt a flop to the cufiom in Franee.

DUELLING, in SC01S law. See title

j3.

DUERO,

01'

DURO, alarge river, whieh, rifing in Old

Cafiile io Spaio, runs from eafi to wefi, crofles the

prol'inee of Leon, aod, after dividing Ponogal from

Spain by a foutherly courfe, luros wefiward, crolTes

Portugal, aod falls ioto lhe AtIanlic Ocean at Pono·

Port.

DUKE is either lhe litle of a fovereign prince, as lhe

duke of Savoy, Parma,

&c.

lhe gtand duke of Tuf·

cany, Mufcovy,

&c.

01'

it is !he litle of honour and

nobility next bclolV prioces. The commanders of ar·

mies in lime of war, the goveroors of pro,inees and

wardens of marches io times of peace, were ealled

dI/m

under the later emperors. The Goths and

Vandals divided all Gaul into dutehies and eoumies,

the governors of which they fometimes call

dum,

and fomelimes

(on/ilu.

In Franee, undet the feeond

raee of kings, lhough theyretained the name and form

of ducal government, Ihere were fedree any dukes ex·

eept thofe of Burgundy, Aquitain, anG Franee. In

England, among Ihe Saxons, the eommandm of al"

mies,

&c.

were "lIed dukes,

dllen,

without any ad ·

dilion, till Edward III . made his fon, the Black

Prince, duke of Cornwal; after whom there were

more made in the fame manner, the tide deCeending to

their poílerity. Duke then, at prefent, is a mere litle

of dignity, wilhout ¡:iving any domain, terl'itory,

01'

jurifdiélion over the place frorn

wh~nce

the tide is tao

ken. Aduke is ereated by patent, cinélnre

f~'orJ,

mande of lIate, impofition of a cap and coronet of

gold 00 his head, and a verge of gold put into his

hand . His tille is Grace; and, in'lhe lIyle of the

he.ralds, Mofl high,

pot~nt,

high.boro, and noble

pnnce.

DULCIFYlNG, in chemiílry, is the fweelening any

~a.lltr

impregnmd wi lh fa!ts, by frequently lVaOling

pU"'!

\Vater.

DULL, in thc lOenage. The

mark~

a dnll horfe,

called by Ihe French marquis de laure, are while

fpots rour.d the c)'e and on 1!IC

t1jl

of dlCnofc, upoo

VOL.

11. No.

í-

457

any genml ,,,Iou r wh3lfocver. Thou¡:" rhe l'ulgH

I.lkc thefc I;,l'ls fur ligns

lIupidity, it i; m tainthty

ore

gr<;1I 0Id1

ks oC the gocdn, rs

a horfc; and lhe

I,,)1'ks thal hal' themare rery lenfible and quickupon

11" I¡,ur.

DUL\VI CH, a village nm London, rcrmbble for il!

mine,,1 walers, whleh are faid 10 contalO a biller

c.·

th:trIie falt, bUI no iron.

DU~lBL A IN,

• 10IVn of Seotland, abaul five miles

nonh

Slirling.

DUMllNE3S, the prieation of the fAC"lty of fpeech.

The moll general,

01'

rlther the fole cauíe of dnmo·

nefs, is the lI'anl of the fenfe of hearing. Tbe ufe

langu.ge

is originally aequired by imitdling articu·

late [ounds. from Ihis fome of inttlligenee, dcar

people are intirelyexcluded: they eannot aequire ani·

eulate founds byIhe ear : unlefs, therefore. artieulation

becommunicated tOthem by fomeother mcdlum, Ihele

unhappy people mull for over be dcpri,'ed

01'

lheufeof

laoguage; and as language is the principal fouree of

knowledge, whoever has Ihe misfonune 10 lVaut lhe

fenfe of hearing, mufl remain in a flate Iinle fuperior

to that of the brule creatioll. Deafnefs has in all

ages been confidered as fueh a total obfl ruélion 10

fpeeeh,

01'

writtrn language, that an anel11pt (Oteach

thedeaf tOfpeak or read has bten uniformly regarded

as impraélicable, till Dr Wallis and fome. others have

of late !hewn, thal although

d~.f

people cannollearn

toCpe.k

01'

read by the direélion of the ear, Ihere'are

other fourees ofimitation, by \Vhieh the fame eReél may

be produced. The organs of hearing and of fpeeeh

have linle

01'

no conneélion. Perfoos depril'ed

the

former gcnerally polTefs the lamr in fuch perfeélion,

that nOlhing fulthcr is necelTary, in order tO male

them articulate, than tOleach them how tO ufe

th~fc

organs. This indeed is no eafy taO,; but experienee

Olews Ihat it is praélicable. MI' l'HOM.\S BRA ID'

wooo, of Edinburgh, is perhaps lhe firll who em

bronglll this furprifing art tO any dogree of perfeélion.

For thefe fome years pafl, he h'.1 taI'ght many people

b~rn

beaf, tO fpeak dillinélly, 10 rwl, 10 IVrile,

underfland figures, the prir.ciples of religion and mo·

r.lity,

6e.

This, al fidl fight, may arpear tObe alto·

gClher ir.credible; bUllhe taél is cenain. Mr B"iu·

\Vood has, at preCent, ten or a dozen of deaf pupils,

fome of lhemabo!'e IWtnty years of

'ge,

.11

m~king

rapid and amazing progrefs in Ihofe uléful branchéS of

edlleat iol1.

Mr Braidwood's principal difficulry, afler he had

difcovcred this art, was tO make people

belr~vc

in the

praélicabil jlY of it. Headvertifeu in Ihe pub!ic p' pers;

he exhibited his pupils 10 many noblcmen and gende·

men; Ilill hefound Ihegeneralllyof m. nkind unwillillg

10 bclieve him. A remarkable innanee of Ilris inere.

'dulilY oecurrcd fume yem ago. A gentleman in Eng.

1,",1 ft'nt a dcaf girl

his

Mr lll aidwood's carc.

Ayear or IWO aflerwards, l>lr Hr.idwood wrote In

Ihe f,uher, that his daught(

coulJ Ipeak , rCdd, and

write dillinéll)'. Thc fathcr r..rul nnl dn anllVer, beg.

ging Mr Braidll'ood 's

exclll~,

as he could nOl bdicve

il; hClVever, he uelired a fricr.d 01' his, whu \Vas oc.

4 Y

omfionally