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p N E u M
'Or leCs in cvcry fca coan within the tTopies. As the cauCes
of (he monroons will be more clearly comprehended after
the n,\,ture of (heCe: oreeze5 is explalned, we nlall ti ra con–
lider ,hem.
Thc rea and laod breezes of ,he Torrid Zone are geotle
periodiC'dl winds regularly Olifting (wice every day. and
blowing (rom the fca lowards the land during che day time,
",d trom ,he laod ,0lVards ,he fea in ,he nlght. Thefe
brcezes do nOl bJo\V with 3ft equld dcgree of force through–
out the wlH»)e day and night. bl1t are perpetualJy varying.
being alway' (troogel! .bou, mld.day aod midnigh,. aod be·
€()minc graduaJJy weakt:r till the time of chaoge iD lhe e~
vening and moroing; abollt which time the air conrmues
for a OlOr< fpJce perfcélly «1m : but in a linle ,he brecu
begins tO be fel, 00 ,he fide oppofi,e 'o ,ha! from wlllch it
blew lart. fa faio, a, 5r11 as hardly 'o be per«ived; but hy
degrees acquiring greater llrength, it goes 00 incre:ating for
five or fax hours, after which 1t agaio as gr"dually finks and
di.. a<vay. They ah.ays blow di leélly off or toward. the
Ihore, ftod nevcr extend their influence tO a "reat difhl.Oce
{-rom ¡t, although chis is varied by particular circumHances
in dlffaent places ; a~ they neve r extcnd fo far froOl the
poiats of capes and , as in deep bays; nor up-
00 the windward, as lee.rhorcs.
Thefe~reezes are. produced by ,he caufe which givee
rife to {he Irade-wind, viz. the heat of the fun . 10 there
warm regloos the days aod nights are nearly of an equal
leng,h.,hroughou, ,he whole year; ,he fuo riflog high in
Ibe day ,ime. and defceoding almo(l perpendicularlyat night;
which oecarions a much gre:uer variation between the heat
of the d::¡y aod night than is experienced in the more tern–
~rat.· c1i'1lates ; and it ¡s this great differt~ce between the
h e.. of ,he night aod day which produces ,he brazo. For
the rays of the fllln are reverberated from the land durin:t
me day·,im., much more powerfully ,han from ,he fea, whofe
furface is coorhndy cvaporatine; aod ,he air ahove ,he land
js rendered much warmer, aod conrt:quendy nwre rarified,
Ihan above the (ea; fo that acurreot of air nece(faril)' takes
place IU [har time from the fea cowards the laod, Increa
ú ng and dimioifhing io. (lreDg,h as ,he hea, iocreales or de.
clioes. BU! when ,he fun dtfceod~ below ,he horizoD, ,be
evaporatioo Jrom ,he furface of ,he fea is rlopt, or gready
dimioifhed, 20d ,he cold which i, occ.fiooed is of confe.
quence removed: the reverberation of the fuo's rays from
the fu rface of the earth is Jikewife removed. and tbe air a
hove ,he laod quickly refurnes in oatur.1 degree of cold,
whicn is always greater than the fea, wheo the in8..uencc! of
the fun is wilhdrawn; fo that the air above the fea becomes
warmer duriog the oight than that above the Jaod, and a
curren' Df air is of cou rfe eflablifhed from ,he laod 'o ,he
fea. which forms the J and~breezet whicb alls as uniformly,
although 'ef. powerfully, ,han ,he fra-breeze; blowing a,
/ir(l geolly as ,he air begins.'o cool, aod gradually g>theriog
flrength as the {un retires below the hOI izon; till his influ.
cnce beglOs tO,be full agaio in tbe morning, when it gradu–
ally place 'o ,he more powerful ioflueoces of ,he fea.
breeze. T hefe breezes are not, however, emirely coo6ned
to the T orrid Zone. They ~re even feh in more northern
regions: tbe fea -breeze in particuJ:u being almoll as per.
cep,ible durine ,he fu mmer fe.fon along ,he ' co.(ls of ,he
M!diterraoean and the Levant. both on the African, and
Europ~an aod AGatic rhores, as within the tropics. Even
io our OWD colder climate, tb; cffc(ts o( tml are of,en fCQ·
A T e s.
fi hly fel, duriog ,he fumm.r feafon; ' ahhoogh, frcm lh~
Jeng,h of ,he day aod !honnefs of ,he oight, ,he d,ff<rence
bc(weco lhe heat of ,hefe is far It"f, than in warrner cllmate.s.
And although (he (harinees of our nights prevem$ us trom
feel ing a noéturoal breeze, Gmilu lO the Jetnd-brcc::zes of the
Torrid Zone; yet in every ferene evening we ) ave an op.
pOflunity of obfe rving a pheoomenon, -procceding trom a
fimilar c..ufe with.that whlch occaGons them in warmer clj ..
mates. Fur as [he waters retain thel r hl:at .Jooger Ihan (he
carth after the fun withd raws, th¿ moilture which was Tai–
fed duriog ,he hea, of ,he day 'o a fmall dirlaoce from ,he
eanh's -furface i, quickly coodeofed by ,he cold o( ,he e·
vening, and falls down in copious dews ; whereas that .wlllch
is aboye {he furface of the W"ter ¡, more flowly coodl:ofed.
by rcaron of the heat whi~h that clernent retaios longer.
aod ho"ers at a fm, " <Ii(laoce above il io ,he form of a deDf.
"pOU I, which.lIowly fubfide. as it lofes its heat. This i.
.he cauf. of ,hoft low mi(ls which are fo of,eo f<en ·
iog ahove ,he furfaee of rivers and other _\Vatees iD tbe evea..
ings towards the end of fummu.
It was-alreadYlJb(l; rved. that in the Indian ocean the ge–
neral frade. wind oDly took place in fome pans to tbe fouth
of the Equator. To (he nonn of lhe Jme, .and in fome
place!!. tO (he fou lh of it in that oeeaD, the general triilde-wiDd
only blows reeularly for fil<omoo,hs. and during the o,ber
fix mOD,hs ,he wlod ¡ Iows io a direélioD eotirely oppofite.
1, IS ,here winds, fhit, ,hus regularlr, which are called
lI'lonfoonJ, altbough ,hey are alfo 10llle,imes caJled trade–
wiods.
At ,he EquatDr ,he days and nighls ate aJway. of an e·
qua~ leng,h ,hrougbout ,b. wbole ye.. ; fo ,ha, ,he he.. be–
iog thus equally dlVidcd, it never arives to fuch aD ioteftCe
degree " " 0 Qe iofupponable·,o ,be iohabi,anú. Aoa ..
Ihere is no vicilli,ude of feafons a, ,he Equator, fo at ,b.
Roles ,hey oever e"perieoc" the more pleaGDg vicilli,ude.
of day aod oigb" Ihe fuo oever feniog during ,loe (um·
mer reafon, Aor rifa ng aboye the horizon duriog the winter:
aod although .he day decreafes iD leDg,h as we recede from
,he pole, from ú" rnoo,hs 'o ,wen'y·four bouro; ye! iD.1I
high latitud.. ,he ilLO defcends for fuch a (bar< fpace bel."
the bon zon, and in fueh an oblique direélion, ,ba, ,be dif–
fereoce b<,ween ,be he.. of lhe day and nigh, is bu, • er1
ineonfiderable. From wbich it follows, ,hat during uli.fea·
fon , when tbe fun contiGues to aél with fuc.h unloternl1 pted.
inffuence upon the furface of tbe I:arrb, the·air wiU then be
rariGed more aboye the dry laod ,hao upoo ,he furfac~ of
the water; fo that.a wind would naturally fe( iD al Ihat lime
from ,he fea ,owards ,he laod, fimilar to Ihe .diurnal fea·
breezes in .the warmer c1imates; aod on the CODtrary, du–
ring the wintcr rearOD. tbe air in there northern regions b.ero
ing colder aboTe the land th.m the water. ,he Wil1d, WIU
na,urally blow frum lhe Jao'd ,owards ,he fea, fimilar 10 ,be
land.breezes Df ,he Torrid Z ooe. BUI a~ ,he inOueo' e al
tbe fun, ahhotJgh al" longer continuance, is iDgeneral more
Jaoguid iDc1imaí•• of a high I.,i,nde th., in ,hoCe De" ,be
/in., .i, is not 'o be ~xpcéled ,h-r ,hefe <lreél. will rolla...
""i,h ,he fame regulari,y as io the Torrid Zone ; being more
apl ID be intl rrupted by I. /fer cauf.. "'hich aff, él ,he ~I'
mofphere aod produce wiod. in dilfereo. direélloos. 1 et
,hefe are 00' fa totally interrup'ed. bo, Iha! \Ve C'" eafily
trace their eifeéh enn in our own cold climate: Furd~
ring the: fcmmer feafon, the larRe cominent tOthc eaUot us,
being more bcat~d Ihan Ibc A.bntic 0,"011 II'cfiward, pro-
duces