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ORiHOCRAPHY, th" P'" of grammor whieh loaeh.s

the n.. ure and alft,tllons of letlcrs, and the jun lTlethod

of fpeIHng or writing words ",ith

.11

lhe p' oper and neo

cdl".try lcuers,

mé!.klng

ene

the

(OUT

greatcfi

clivlfions

or branchcs of grammar. Sce G

RAMMA R.

ORTHOGRAPHY,

gc:omcI1y, l he 3rt

ofdrawingor

ddi·

oeating the fore'right p!ao of aoy objcc!l, aod of exprefs.

ing the heights or elevations of eaeh rart .

is ealled

orthography, from its determining things by perpendieu·

lar lines talling on lhe geometrieal planeo

ORTHOG RAPti. Y,

in architeélure, {he e1evation of a build·

ing,

ORTHOC'APHY , in pC'Tfpeélive, is lhe fore· righl fide of

.ny plane,

j .

t ,

the fide or plane thu lies parallel to a

IIr..ghr lioe, that may be imagined tO pafs through the

oUlward convex poinls of lhe cyes, cominued lO a con·

vcnient lc:ngth.

ORTHOPNOEA, in medicine, a fpeci.. or degree of

.Uhma, where lhere is fuch a difliculty of ..fpiration,

that the patient is obliged to fi t or a and upright, tO be

able tO brealhe. Se< MED'CtNE.

ORTON, a market town

\ Veamoreland, fituated ten

miles fouth·wea of Appleby,

ORVALA, in bOlany, a genus of the didynamia gymno·

fpermia , clafs , The fupe rior lip of ,he co[olla is d,,'ided

into {bree

{cgmeOlS,

each being lcelhed

and the inferi.

or lip is eordatedand crenaled, There is but one fp«ies,

a native of Italy.

ORVIETTO, a . ity of I..ly, in the pope's territories,

capital of the province of Orvielto, firuated

the eanAu–

enee of the Tiber aDd the Chiane:

long ,

13°,

N ,

lal. 43

ORWELL, a ri'H of Sulfolk, whieh, rifing in the middl.

Df th., eountry, TIlns fouth·eaa by Ipfwieh, and falls into

the German rea at Languard. fort ,

ORYZA, RICE, in bot>ny, agenus of the hexandria digy.

nia c1af•. The ealix is a double·valved glume, with one

flower; and the eorolla eonfills of I\VO eq"al valves , Tltere

bUl

one fpecies.

This plant is euhivated in van abundanee in the Eaa,

as alfo in Carolina, for food ,

is faid to be good in dy·

fenteries, diarrha:as,

&c.

OS i\CA, a gr<at eiry and pOfl· town of J apan, (,tuated on

a bay of the fea, on the eaa lide of the ifland: in E ,

long,

' 31·,

N , laL 3S

Q ,

OSBECKIA, in botany, a genus of the ollaodria monogy·

oia clafs , The ealix eon(,(Js of four fegmenlS, and the eo·

rolla of four petals: and the eapfule has four eells , There

bUI

one fpecies, a native of India.

OSCHEOCELE, iA furgery, a he",ia of the ferotum, Se.

SURG ERV,

OSCILLATI ON, in mechanie., the vibration, or reeipro.

cal afeent and defeent of a per.d"lum. See MECHAN res.

OSMUNOA, in botany, • genus of the eryprogamiL fili·

Cum clafs, The fpike is full of branehes, and ,he frulll'

~cation

is rou nd. There are

fpecies, none of them na ..

tlves of

Britain .

OSNAHURG, rhe capital of the bilhoprieofthe f,me ndme,

'n the ei reJe of W cflphalia: E , long 7

40', N , lat,

so?

3!'. The

terrilOnes

of this bifrsopric, which are

Corty

mrles long, and thirty broad, are fubjeél to its bilhop:

a¡¡d lhis búhopric is alteroately held by a protellaot aod

papirl,

Ih"

proteaant bdng al ..ays a ptinee of the hou(eor

flrunfwie,

O SORNO, a IOwn of Cltili in South Ameriea:

long,

80"

lat. 4

10.

OSPREY, S" FALco,

OSSIFICATiON, the fo rmotion of bones, but more par·

tieulad y rhe eonvtrGon of parlS n.,,,rally foft to .he

hardnefs and eoofiaenee of bones, See ANATOMY, p,

'4 8 ,

OSSORY, the

wea

divifioo of

~e.n's

co"nty in Jreland,

OSSUN

a town of Spain, in the provin.. of Andalufi.,

forty miles earl of Seville,

OSTACiO, a to" n ofItaly in the territory of Genoa, fif–

teen miles north·wea of Genoa,

OSTENO, a ,eity and port.town of the Auarian Nether·

Jands, in che province of Flanders, (ituated twelve miles

wefl ofBruges: ,E, long,

2°

4S',N.

la!.

S',o ' So,

OSTEOCOLLA, in n.,ural hiHory, lhough fuppofed by

many tO be an earth , is !rulya eruaated kindof fpar, de·

bafed by earth, and therefore not tr; ofparent,

is ufually found eoating over vegetable, or otlter bo–

dies, in form of illcrurlations ; fo

Ibat

Ihe true oneocoBais

a tubular eruaaeeous fpar , of a very foul and coarfe tex–

ture,

and

ca~rie5

witb

it much more of the appearaoce of

a mar! th.n of a fptCies offpar,

The marre. of olleoeollo, though regularl)' of the fame

figure, are very dilferent in fize; fome of them being oot

lhicker than a erow. quill, and ot her. of five and fix inehe.

diameter; it is ahvays, however, of

tubular

gure, aDd

wri"kled and rough furfaee,

Ofleoeo llo is

req uent in Germany, where it is found bu–

ried

oear Ihe furface of the

eanh ,

rometim~s

Orata of

[aoeL but more frequently among mads: it fhould be cho–

fen for ufe, the purefl that can be had of a pale broflo

colour, and of a tolerably clofe and firm le'tUre,

It has long been famous for brioging on a call us in frac.

tu red bOAes;

ilS

name ofleoeollo fignifying the bone.glue,

or bone.binder. It

airo recommended

as a

diurelic,

and

as good in lhe Ruor

~Ibus:

but,

prefent, Jiule regard i.

paid to it ; fin ee, ifil has any virtues, they mufl be wholly

owing lO fpar, whieh may be given lO gre.,er advaolago

in a purer forOl'.

O STEOLOGY , that braneh of. anatomy whieh treau of

the bones. See

AHATOMY',

Part

OSTEOSPERMUM, in borany, • genuo of the fyngeneG..

polygamia necerraria clafs. The reeeptaeJe is naked; it ha.

no pappus ; ,he ealix eonfia, of

m.ny

leaves; and the feed.

are round and hard , There are 6ve fpeci.., Done of therD'

natives of

Britain.

OSTIA, a port·town of Italy, in the pope's territories,

{jo

JUated al the mouth ofth. Tiber: E, long,

13°,

N, la!.

30'.

OSTRACION, in zoology, a genus of the arnphibia naotes

clafs,

has ten

1002,

eylindrieal, obtufe teeth in eaeh

jaw; the aperture is linear; the

body

is covered ""ith abo"

ny fubaanee; and it has no belly·fins , There are nine

fpeeies, prineipally diflinguifhed by lhe aogle. of their ba–

dies

and

the numher of

rpines

near the taiJ.

OSTRACISM, inCreei.o antiqoity, denotes the banilhmeDt

of fu eh perfons whofe merit and influenee gave umbrage tO

the people of Athens, lea they Ihould auempt any thing a–

gaiDa the publie liberty: 1t

lVas

fo caHed, beeaufe the peo·

pi,: