1000000031

19&

M E T A P H Y S 1

e s.

Tbis

pufoual intlm li/J

i. the ubjea of reward and pu–

ntrhment, being that by whieQ every

0 0 ':

¡s concerned for

himrelf. If ,he

conlciou(n<p

wen' along .wi,h the liule

ling~r,

when .hat

\Va.

eu, off, it wou ld be ,he rame relf

ebat wa. jull before coneerned for lhe whole body .

If,he rame

S.erata,

waking and fleeping. did not par–

'ake o( the (ame eonfeiuufne r. , lhey would not be the

fame

prrfo n. S.crD/a

waking. eould not bé in julliee

ClccountabJe for

whn

SDCra(u

{}~epjng

did,

mOre

than

-one

11»;11

for what his brother

Jwi1l

did becaufc

their

oUlr.Je.

were fo Jilte ..hat lbey eould not be dillin–

guilhed.

' Bu, fuppo(c 1 wholly lofe the mcmory of (ome parto of

my Jife, b.yond a poffibili,y ofretrieving them, fo that 1

/hall never be confeious of .hem again: Am 1 oot the

fa",< p<rjó"

that did thofe aélions, though 1 have now

(orgot them?

anfwer. that we muO here take notice

what the word

i. applied lO, which in ,hi. cafe i. the

man only: And ,he fame man being prefumed 'o be ,he

e perfon,

is ealily here furyored to

(I.od

alfo for the

fame perrom. But if i,· be poffible for lhe (ame man to

have

difiind:

·ineommunicable confdoufnefs at diíferent

time"

paO doubt the fame man would, at differeDt

times, n'iake. differeot perfons. W hich we fee is the

fenfe of mankind in the folemnell declara,ion of ,bei r

pinjoD', human laws Rot punifhing the mad man for the

fober man's aétioos, nor the Caber mao for what tbe

mad

man did; thereby making them two perrons. , Thus u'e

f.y

EngliJh,

fueh a one

"D/

Mml"/.

Or i.

6ejid<r

himf<lf;

in whieh phra(e. it is inlinualed, ,hat .folf i.

chang.d, and the

.folffam, pufon

i. ·no longer in ,hat

mao.

Hut i. not aman drunk-or (ober ,he fame perCon I

Why

e1fe i. he punilhed for .he fame faél he eommits when

drunk, ,hough he be never afterward. eonreious of i, I

Jull

mueh ,he- fame per(on, •• aman !h.. walks and

does Olher things in his fleep js

the (ante

perfon, and

.nfwerable (or any mirchief he Ihall do in it. Human

Iaw. punir¡. bOlh wi,h a jullice fui ,able to their way of

koowledge : Becauf< in ,here e.f.. ,heye.nnot dillinguilh

certainly what

¡,

real, -and...what

counterfett . Aod

the

ignorance

io drunkenne(s or

f1eep,

¡s not adnlitted

a elea : For ,hough punilhmenr be annexed to perfon. li–

ey, ;and pe' (onali,y ' o eonreioufnef.; and tbe drunkard,

perhaps, ¡s not confcious of what he

'did;

yet human

ju.

dicatures jullly punilh him, becaure ' !le faél is proved . –

galnO

hiOl,

but want of cCJnfcioufnef, canDOl

proved

ftr

hi m.

T o conclude : W hate..r fubll.nee begins tO exill, it

muO: durio!! iu exiU"nee be the farne . Whatever compaCa.

lons of (ub(lances begin la exifl, duriog the uníon of thofe

(Jbll.nces. !he concrete ",un be lhe

f.me

. Wh alrOeVer

mode beS!.ins to ex ill. du rinS!

it,

exiflence it is the fam e.

And ro if ,he eompor.,ion be of di(\intl [ubaaoce., and

diff<rent mod.., , he f'me rule holds.

o/h<r ,tla/ionl .

ALL lim pie

it!u1J ,

whe rcin are pftrts or degrees, af·

(ord an occa(jon of comparin$! the fuhjelh wh ereio

l~ey

are to one anolher, in rcrpeél of lhoCe limpie.

id,al.

'Whi/<r, Iwa/<r,

mOr<,

!<ji, Sec.

Thcfe depending

011

the cquality

~nd

cxccf, of the (ame limpie

id~ol,

'in fe–

Teral fubjca s,

may

called

pro,bOrlíolJal relalionr.

Another oecarion of comparing things ¡s taken from

the circumnances of their origi",

Gil,

ff!'her, fin, hrolher,

&e. There may be e.lled

na/uro! rda/ionl .

Sometimes the foundadon of conridering

thines,

is fome

aél" whefcby any one comes

a moral

richt,

power, or

obligarian to do fomething: Such are

g~ne,.al,

&oplain,

burgher;

there

are

inflilutuJ

l.od

vo1unl.arJ

rrlaJiol1.f,

and may be dillinguilhed from lhe

na/ural,

in ,ha, ,hey

are alterable .nd feparable from ,he perfons 'o whom

,hey fome,imes belong.d, ,bough nei,her of the rubllan.

toO

fo rel.led be dellroyed . Hut nalural relation; are

Dot alterable, bUI are as l.tfiing as tbeir fubjeéts.

Anocher reJatían is the

conformity

or difagreemeftt of

merfs yolunury

;\ai~os

to a rule to which tbey

ar~

refer·

red, and by 'Vhich they are judged off: Thefe m.y be

called

moral rtla/ionl,

is this eonfofl:nity or difagree.

men' of our .élions to fome law (whereby good or evil i.

drawn on us from the will

anq

power

the

Jaw. mak~r.

and is wha, \Ve

e.JI

'Wllrd.or

puniJhlnm/)

that rendera

our ¡élions morally good or evil. -

Of thefe' moral

ru/tI

la"Wl.

there reem to be three

fons, with their difrerent e.nforeemenu : fira ,

The

divine

IIZ'W;

feeondly,

Civilla'W;

,hirdly,

Th< !a'W'lopinion

rtputation.

By their rcladon to the

firll,

our aaions are

etther

jilll

orcut;t1,'

to the fecoDd,

criminal

innocettt;

to the tbird,

"Irlutl

fJ;cu.

Firfl,

The

divin< !a'W,

i••hat

Iaw

whieh"God.,J,a. (ee

to ,he aélion. of men, whelher promulgated 'o ,hem by

the light of "ature,

the voice of

re\"~latioo .

That God h•• given • Jaw 'o manklOd, f«m. unde–

niable; fince he has,

firfl.

right tO do it; we,are

his

creature,.

SUlJnd1.J,

Goodnefs and wifdom, todireét

OUt

aélion. to wh.t i. bea.

T hirdl¡.

Power to enforce i, by

reward, aod puoifhment of ¡n6oite weight aod duration.

This is the ooly true touch· Clooe of m'oral reétituoe

¡ 2nd

by which men judge 'of the moll conlide"hle moral goód

or e.vil of their aaions; lhat

lS,

whether.

duti!'s or

lins, .heyare lih lO procure to .hem hapriners or mirer,

from ,he hands of the Almighty .

S«ol/dl¡,

The

civilla'UJ

i••he rule fe. by ,he com–

monwealth 'o the aélion. of ,hore ,ha, belong lO i,. Thi,

law oabodYI over-Jooks ; the rewards and punif'hments be·

¡og ready at hand tO eoforee it. exttnding tO (he prott,,"

ting or taking away of ,be life, liberty, and ellate of

,hof~

who oM".e ordifobey it .

·T hirdlj,

Tbc

law

Dpin;Dn,

rt/,ut"tion. Virl!1t

a~d

vice

are oames fu¡:pofed every whc:re

lland {or aétlons

theirownn:Hure right and \'lrong. As far as they are' rrally

fo applied, they ro far are coincident with the divine law.

B ut it

vifihlr: that theCe r:a;nes io lhe particulaTinnanees

o f their application . throuih tbe fe\'eral

na tinos

; nd fa·

cieties of men, are confl. ntly attrihutt>d only

fu eh acoO

tions as in each eountry and fociety are in reputation or

di reredit. So that the meaCure of what is every where

called and eflcemed virtue ano vice,

the

app.ob¡

uioD

or dillike, praife or blame, which by a laeit conCent eRa...

blühe. i,relf in ,he foeielie. and ,obes of mm in ,h.

vorld;