1000000031

M E T A P H Y 5

e s.

them Ihe .(tion. of fome olher fubflañee. whieh we eaU

/Pi,.;t;

0"(

whofe fubHance or nature \Ve h:we as clcar a

nOlion as of Ihal of body; Ihe one bcing bUllhe fuppofed

f1l hflral l111J

of Ihe fimple

id~ol

\Ve

have (rom without, as

lhe

other of thore operatioo\ whieh we experiment in ourfdvcs

within: So tt-o at lhe

id~(1

corporeal

fuhjlo1JU

in matter,

is as remote from

OUT

conceptions

that of

[pirilua/fu".

jI"f1,e.

Hence \Ve may conclude,

lhal

he has lhe perfeRefl

idea

of any p.rtieular,fubflanee. who has eolleéled mofl of Ihofe

1imple

ideal

which do' exifi in

it;

among WhlCh we are

to reckon

aflive

PD1JJU¡

and

pajJive capaciliu,

though

1)01

flriélly

jimp/ddeal.

SU~J1darJ qllalili~J,

for lhe

moO

part, {erve to

diflin·

guilh fubflaoee.. For our fenfes fail

\IS

io Ihe difeovery

of che

óull, figure.

lexlure,

&C. of lhe minute pans of

bodies,

which

lheir

real conClitutions and

diffcrences

depend; and recondary quaJities, are nothing but powers,

with rdittion to our rcofes. The

ideol

that make our

co~('x

ones of corporeaf (ubaaaces, are of chree (ons :

FirJl.

The

ideaf

of primary qualilies of Ihings. whieh

are difeovercd by our fenfes ; fueh are

bufó. figure. mo–

tiof1.

&e.

Sec."dly.

The fenfible feeoodary qualilie. ;

which are nothiog but powers to produce (everal

idt'al

by our feofes .

r iJirdly.

The aplDef. we coofider io

aoy fubftance, to cilu(e dr receive (uch

aJeeraliaos

o( pri–

JIlary qualili"'. as Ihat Ihe fubflaDee fo .ltered Ihould

produce in us differeot

¡dcaJ

from what it did be(ore;

aod they are called

aflive

and

pnJlive pO'UfUf.

Al! w.hieh.

far as

have

any

notice or DOlion of lhem, terminate

injimp/e ideRI.

H.d we feDfes acule eoough lo diftern Ihe minule par·

ticles of bodie•• it is. DOt

be doubled. bUI Ihey would

produce quite different

ideal

US; :15

fiod

in viewing

things with

micro{copel.-

Such bodies as ' tO our naked

eyes

are coloured and 'opaque,

will

through

mfcrfl{cepu

appear pel!ueid.

B/ood

to the naked eye appears an red ;

bu, l>y a good

micro(eope

wc fee only fome red globule.

fw imming in

tranrparent liquor.

B,údes Ihefe eompltx

id<tu

we have of material fub·

ftances; by the fimole

idetll

taken from the operalions of

.our oy.'" miDds, whích we experíment io our(elves,

Ihif1};if1g. Uf1dUJlOf1dif1!. 'UJi//ing.

~f1fJ'Wif1g.

&e. eo·ex·

iaing in Iht!'fame fubCtanee. we are able

frame Ihe

complex

id,a

of a

fpiril_

And Ihis

idea

of aD

iuállaIC–

riflljul:j/ohct,

is as cIear as that we hitve of a

1IJalcrial.

By joiDing Ihefe wi,h fubllanee. of ",hieh we have no di–

ílir.él

idea.

we have Ihe

id",

of a

fpiril:

Aod by pUlling

together ¡he ideas of coherent (olid paru, and power

of being moved. joined wilh fubltao ee. of whieh likewife

ha.ve

no pofitiv.e

idea,

we have the

id~a

maller.

The ooe is as

~Iear

and diflioa

Ihe olher. The fub–

aanee

offpiril

is unkoowo lo us; and fo is Ihefubfl.oee

body

eqDally unknnwo to u. . Two primary qualilie.

or propt'rties of body,

viz . joliá cohcrent !ulrIJ,

and

;11/.

fulft.

we have diflinél e1ear

id,al

of: So likewife have we

of two pi ¡muy

qu~lit-¡es

or prope.rties of rpirit, vil..

Ihinl–

¡f1g.

and

apo"""r o¡ a(Ji.".

We have alfo ele.. and di.

Illnét

ideas

(tvcral

qu~lities

inhe.rem in bodics. which

are but the various modi/ications of lhe extc:nfion o( co.

"eriag folid

parts and

Iheir mOlioo. Wc have likewife

Ihe

ideal

of Ihe fevenl modes of I).ioking.

"iz.

Believinl:.

doubliog. hoping. feHing.

&e.

as airo

willioe aDd

mo. iog Ihe body eoofequeot

il.

o¡ re/alion.

TH'R' i. 'nolher felof

ideal

whieh Ihe mind gel'

froen che

comparilt.tf

of 9ne

Ihing wi/h

anl)/h~r.

\Vhen

the mino (o confiders one thinf, thar it does as it'were

bring it to and ret it by another, and

carry in

view from.

one to the

oth~r,

this is

r~/alio!l

r~fpe{];

and the de ..

nominations givcn

thingl intim:tting chat re(peél, are

what we call

re/tI /ivn,

....and the thines (o broughl toge..

Iher

re/aled.

Th us "hen 1 eall

CAlOSo

huftaf1d.

whi/(r,

intim<

l.te

rome other perfoo', or thiog. in both

carc:,. with which

compilre him. Any of our

ideal

may

6e the foundation of relation.

Where bnguages have (ailed to giye correlativen ame,.

there

dle

relatíon is not fo eafily taken notice of: As

concflbine,

which is a relative o ..me as well as

wift.

The

;d~PI

of rdalioo may be fame in

"~hoCe

men

who

have far different

id;ol

of the things that are rehted.

Thus thore who have different

id~QI

man,

mayagrec.

io Ihal of

¡alhu.

There i. no

idca

of aoy kind. whieh is nol eapable of

ao almorl infinite oumher of con(jderacions, in reference

to other things; and cherefore this makes no fmall part

of meos words and Ihoughts. Thu. ooe fiogle man ma,

at once furlain the relarions of

fa/h~r,

br",her,

fono

hu[-

6~nd.

(rimd.fubjefi. gmun f. Eurcpeaf1. Ef1g/ijh",u.

IJ/'mder. tnaJlu.ferVaf1l. biggu.

/if¡.

&e. to ao almoll

iofinite number ; he being capable of as maoy relatioos,

as there ma

be oeeafions of comparing him to other thingl

io anJ manner of agreemeDt, difagreemeOt, or .re(pea:

whalfoever.

o¡(oufe af1d effef1, af1d o/he, re/aliollr.

TH'

ideal

eaufe

and

effdl

we gel from our obferva.

tion of the

viciJliludc of /hings.

while we perceive

(ome

qualities or {ubrla ncts begin to .exifl, aod that they re:–

ceive their exifieoce from the due'" applicouion and opera–

tion

ocher bcings:

That

which

produces,

í,StlJe

cauft;

thal whieh i.

produud.

Ihe

'.l/efl . Thusjluidilyio

w..:

¡s the effcét of a cereain degree of heat, which we

oh(ene

be eonflantly produeed by the appliealioo of fueh he.t.

We dirlinguirh lhe originals of things into

two

(ons.

Fi,l1:. When

l.he

Ihiog i. wholly made oew. fo Ihal

part thereof did ever exifi befo re, as when

new partic1e

of maller dOlh b'<gin

exifl whieh had before no beiog.

it is caJled

crea/ion.

Seeoodly. When

Ihiog is made up of

p~rtieles

whieh

did al! of Ihem before exifl. bUI .he ,hing fo eonfliluled

of pre exiHing partiel«. whieh al! logelher make up (ueh

a eol!dlion of fimpl e

ideaf.

h.d

001

any <"iflcRee before.

as this

lI1an,

this

ergo

this

rojr,

érc. this. when refcrred

to a rubrlance produced in lhe ordlnary courre of nature

by an internal principie, ' but ft t on work

fome txter..

nal agent, and worklng by in(c:nfihle Witys which we per·

ceive nOl, is called

gouroti"n:

When lhe c3ufe is extriD"

fi e.l. aod Ihe cfl'.él prcd ueed

a feo fible fepara,ion. or

ju xu -pofition of dircernible

p~ns,

we call jt

1/JlIling:

and

f"eh ore

al1

artificial thio!:•. WheD any fimplc

itlrll

i. pro·

duecdJ