1000000030

( 973

h:~.I:';

anJ lhe

,t~il

of Ihe

m~le rermin~les

in akinu of

firfl opened in

1602,

and has finee been increaf.o

hOl

kc,! fore\'rs, There are

fpeeies, chicAy dlllin-

a srea! nllmber of bcnef. <'lors: indetd lhe Mtdie.'.l

gn:¡hed by lheir eolollr,

library, lhal of Iletr.,ion

Veniee, and lhofejull men-

LI BER, among boranills,

d~notes

Ihe riod or ioner balk

tioned, exeeed it in Greek manuferipIs; but it oUldoH

of mes.

them aU in Oriental manllferipls; and a, to printed

LI IlER fA,

in Roman antiquilY, a fefl i,'al obferved on

books, Ambrofiao at Milan, aod that ofWol fembunk,

the fixteenlh of the

ealer.os

of April, at whieh time

are twO of lhemofl famous, and yer bUlh areinferior

the youth laid afide their juvenile habit for the IOga

the nJdleian. The COllon library confin, whoUy of

,'irilis, or h.bit peculiar tO grown meno

maouferipls, p3rtieularly of fueh as

rel~le

Ihe hillo-

LlRERTUS, in Roman antiquilY, a perfon II'ho from

ry and anliquilies of Britain ; whieh, as they are now

b~ing

a nave had oblained his freedom.

bound, make about

1000

volume"

The dilferenee belwecn lhe libeni and libertini was

In Edinburgh time is a good library belonging to

this: the libeni were fueh as had been aétually made

the univerfilY, weU furniflled wilh books; IVhich are

free Ihemfelves, aod Ihe liberlioi were Iheehildreo of

kept io good order, and doillered up with wire-doors,

flleh perfor.s.

rhat none bur lhe keeper can open, and are nolV leot out

LIBERTY, io general, denores a nare of freedom, in

only upon coofignarion of rhe priee ; a melhod mueh

eoomdilline1ion ro flavery.

more eommodious rhan Ihe multitude of ehaios ufed in

Aeeordir.g to Cicero, liberty is rhe powe¡ of living

orher libraries. There is alfo a ooble library of book&

as aman pleafes, or wirhout beiog conlrulled by

a·

aod maouferipts belong;ng

rhe faeulry of Advoeares,

nOlher.

See AOVOCATE.

In a legal fenfe, liberty ·figoifies fome privilege that LIBRATION, in allrooomy, ao apparenr irregularirybf

is held bychmer or preferiplion.

lhe moon's mOlion, whereby lbe feems ro librare aboul

LIBRA, lhe BALANCE, in allrooomy. See ASTRONO-

her axis, fomerimes from Ihe eall to rhewell, and nOIll

MT ,

487.

and lhen from the well

lhe eall.

S~e

ASTRONO-

LiaRA, in Roman aotiquilY, a pound weighl; alfo a

eoin, equal in value ro rwenly denarii.

LIBRARY, an edifice or apartmenr dellined for holdiog

a eonfiderable number of books placed regularly

Ihclves; or, lhe books lhemfelves lodged in ir.

The firll who ereaed a library ar Athens was the

tyrant Pifillrarus, whieh was rranfported by Xerxes in–

ro Perfia, and afrerwards bronght back by Seleucus Ni–

canor

Alhens. Plurarch fays, lhal under Eumenes

Ihere was a libraryatPergamus rhar cootaioed

200,000

books. Thar of Prolemy Philadelphus, according ro

A, Gellius, conrained

700,000,

whieh wm all burot

by Crefar's foldim . Conflanrine and his fuceetrors

ereéted a magnificeot one ar Conllanrinople, whieh io

the eighrh eeorury eonrained

300.000

volumes ; and a–

mong lhere

11,

one in whieh lhe lIiad and OdytreyWete

wrillen in leuers of gold, on lhe gUlSof a ferpenr :

bur lhis library was burnr by order of Leo Ifaurus.

The moíl eelebraled libraries of ancienl Rome, were

the Ulpian and lhe Palarine, and inmodern Rome that

of theValiean. The foundalion of the Vatiean library

~a,

laid by pope Nieholas, in lhe year

1450 ;

it wal

afrerwards dellroyed in the facking of Rome 'by rhe

confiable of Dourbon, and reltored by pope SiXlUS V.

ano has been confiderably cnriehed wirh lhe ruins of

tharof Heidelberg, plundmd by count Tilly in

1682.

One of lhe moll complete libraries in Europe, is lhar

ereéted by Cofmo de Medieis ; lhough il i, nowex–

ceeded by rhat of lhe Frcoch king, which was begun

by Franeis

augmenled by cardinal Richelieu, and

eom pleled by M, Colberr. The emperor's library at

Vienn., acccrding

Lamb:eius, eonfifh of

80.000

volumcs, and

15,940

curious meoals. Thc Bodleian

lihrary ar Oxford exeerds Ihar of aoy uniwfilY in

Europe, and evrnIhofe of any of Ihe fomeigns of Eu–

rope, exrepl lheemperor's ano IheFrenehkinz's, whieh

are eat.h of ¡lIem older by a hundred )'eaI5.

IVas

VOL.

Il.

Nurub.6¡.

MV .

LIBYA, in aneienr geography, a large eXleOI of Arriea,

Iying foulh-well of Egypr.

LICENCE, in laIV, an aUlhoriry giveo ro a perroo to do

fomelawfulaa.

LICENTIATE, ooe who has obtained lhe degree of a

lieence.

The grwell number of the officm of junice in

Spain, are dillinguiflled by no olher tide bur Ihat of

licentiate. In order

pafs liceoriare in common law,

civil laIV, and phyfic, lhey mull have lIudied feven

years; and io diviniry, reo. Amoog us,

liceoliare

ufually means a phyfician who has alieenee to praélife,

granled by rhe eollegeof phyfieians.

LICHEN, LIV ER-WORT, in borany, a genus of the

cryplogamia alga: daCs. The receprade is rouooilb,

plaio, and lbining; and lhe farina is difperfed upon

rhe leaves. There are

fp"ies, all oarives of Bri

tain.

LICTORS, in Roman aoriquilY, lhe ferjeanrs or bea–

dles \Vho c. rried Ihe fafees before rhe fupreme magi.

Arates: il lVas alfo a pan of their office to be the pub.

lie exeeutioners in beheading, feourging,

Ór.

LIDDESDALE,

eounly of

S~odaod,

bounded by

Tiviordale, on lhe north ; Cumberland, on lhe fouth·

ean; and Annandale, on Ihe foulh-weíl.

LI EGE. in law, a rermfomcrimes ufed for liege lord,

or one \Vho olVns no fuperior.

L, EG E

PO U

ST I

in Seols lalll, is nppofed rodealh bed ;

and fignifies a perfon's enjoying Ihat nare of hrall", in

whieh only he can difpofe of his property ar plearure.

See law, Tit. xxvii.

2B.

LIECE. in geography, lheeapilal of Ihe bilhoprie of the

fame name io Germany,

filllar~J

on Ihe river Maes,

r\\'elves miles fOlllh of Macfiricht¡ E. loog.

5·

36',

lar.

50· 40',

LI ENTER Y,

is a

5u:(

of the bdly, io which, \Vharever