1000000030

'!11:e r'hej' n¿irher

/lre

nor

cnn ht TIIt7dt.

B ere, rhen, we

·pere.ive rhe rife and uf. of

pr,:po/rliolll:

by rhele weeoo·

neEI rhofe fubllanrives ro fCllre'lces, which , ar the rime,

~re

ull,ule ro

c.al'

Fe 0/ 14e"1'lvtl.

Let us-alfume. for

inrlance,

p.ir

of thele conneflives, 'rH ROO

G H

and w"rH,

3nd nl.lrk rheir

eff.fl

upon rhe fubllanee, here menticn·

td;

lb, jplmd(d fun

\V' TH

hiJ btQml gtniQl1j qunrm·

tlh

.uuc

Ihe Qir Ih. ¡trlilt turlh:

rhe feli renct,

as u.f"re, rtlOains entire and one; the f'uhllan,iv.s

ro·

quirte/ .\re bc"h inuudllc.d. and nOl a \Vord whi.h was

lhe,c b.fore is

d,rl'l.c.~

from lIS prup.r lIarion.

mull be hereobrm'ed" har

1II0JI

if Ilor.// prepoG ,ions

fe.m

iginally formed tOnenOl. lhe rel.lrions of

flnce

hecaur. rhis is ,hal grand

,d. lion

whieh

b01iu

nalu·

rol fuhjlJnctl

main'ain ar all rimes ro one anolher, whe–

th" rhey 'Te eontiguous or remore, whether in motion

or al refl : ,hus IVe have prepoGtions to denote lhe

CM'

ligll '/II ,rlolion or body

as when \Ve [ay,

C,illl

'W,'¡Rtd

W' TH

o jlof1 ; Ihe jlallltjlood

UPON

a f'tdtjlal¡

Ihe river ron

OVER

o precipite:

olhels for the

dtluthr.J

rtlal"n ;

as when we faY, l t

il g,ing

!loly; Iht fun

¡,

rifon

ABOVE

IPe hilll;

¡'!,ef(.PE1

camt

oOM

'rtlr~el':

So as to

IHolion

and ,,{/ ; only \Vlth Ihis differenee, that

h~re

,he prepoGrion varies irs eharafler with ,he verb :

lhus if we

C~y.

Ihal lam/> hQ!lgJ

HOM

Ihe ((iling,

lhe

prepoGtion HOMalf"m(5 lhe ch.rafler of

flli,(cenu:

LUl if IVe

C.IV

Ihl/I 10lllp i, fol/i/lg

r oOM

Ih,

Cellin~,

rhe

prepoGtion

alfum~s

a eharaéler of

/nolion.

So in Miltoo;

- -ro(upporl ,mo»'

jI'PI

OVER

Ih, hurning /IIarle--

Ag.in

- - H,

'Wilh look, o¡ cordiallove

Hung

OYER

h,1' ma'n?ur'd.- -

In Ihe fi rn o[ ,hefe examples, OV

o denotes

lIIolior.,

and

in lhe lan il denotes

rej/.

BUl thoogh rhe original uCe of prepoGrions IV'S

de·

nOle the relarions of

ploCt,

rht:y euuld not be conGned

lhis offiee ooly; bUl by degrees exrended lhemCelves

fubjeéls

incorporeol,

and came

denote relarions as

,vdl

in/tl/dlual

local.

T hus bee.uCe, in

plou ,

who is

.hove

has eommonly tbe advanlage of him who is

Otl....,

we lr. nsfer OVER and UN DER

dominion

and

oh,ditl/ce:

of a king we fay,

h, ruled

OVER

hiJ p,op"

of a eommon

fol~ier,

he forod

UNDEO

filCh

gm"ol :

fo tOO we CaY¡ ' IITH

IhougM;

IV /T HOUT

allenlion ;

Ihinking

OVER

n fubjdl ;

UNDER

onxitly; Ho ,, ¡ ..r;

OUT or

lov,;

TH OOUCH

j,al.u/j,

&c.

AII

whieh io·

Oances, \Vith many of lhe Itke kind, (hew, th.l rhe,frjl

"u.rdl

of men, like their

lrjl id,al,

had ao immediale

reference

forjible ohj,nl;

and tllal, in afler days,

when they beg.n tOdifcero \Virh rheir

inltlltEl,

they

took theCe IVorcls which lhey found al,eady

mad~,

and

transferred lhem, by

nutophor,lOinl,IItnual

c~n((pli,nl.

There is indeed

method tOexprefs óew ideas, bUl

vo ~ .

11.

No.

n .

' A

ei.her

tll1tA".

roit:ihg

n."W 'u..ril/

;

'boih

which

have been prafliCed by philolnphm, aecordiog to the

nature . nd eXlgenee of lhe ocea/ion.

In lhe foregoing u[e of prepolilions.

h••

(~en

how

they are emplvyed by way of

jll.•lo.p?/iliM ;

rhal is lQ

f_y, where Iheyare prefiJ<ed

a IVord \Virhoul beeo

min

pm of il : bUl lhey may .be al/o "fed by w. y of

c.tn:

po/rli.n;

thal is, Ihey may be

prt~ xed

to a .word fo

to become a par! of il ; thus,

uNoERjlan4, to rOH'

1,//,

10 rov ERon , 10

'O NDERt'ollle, .lo

"¡¡Tgo,

&c. are

many dillinfl words forntcd by prepofitions joined in.

limarely IVirh fome olher word : in all which cafes, Ihe

prepoGlions eommonly-m nsfufe ComnhlOg of lheir own

meaning into lhe word wllh "hich Ihey afe eompounded ;

and lhis imp:trted me,ning inmnr! in(lanee•. will be found

re[olvIblt 'into fome

01'

Ihe relarioos of

place,

as ufed

ei·

lher in ilS

proper

IIId ophor;':ol

acc plation.

RES ID as the above

pws

of Cpeeeh, there i. another,

whieh eanAOt

h~ eomp,th~nded

undu any of rhe fore·

goiog claffes, c.llled ISTe R¡ ECTlONS : of Ihis kind are

rh~

.·ords. AH! H AS ! r lE!

&c.

ni,

!l'erif/ o[

'Wordl " incidt 'Wilh

pOl'I

!l'ttch, bul are filhtr ul–

t<red OIMt,

,1ft

Ihr....n inl. oImlence.

'lJJi:h~ul

olltr·

;rg

ilJ rorm ,M" r

in.fí'

nlox

Jil,';j!c..liM.

may

be lherefore

objefl~d,

tbal as we fay, rhQt al1laoguage

is divided into the Ceveral pans

al:o'~ ~Dumerated ,

and

Ihis clafs cannor be eomprehended in a

of theCe di.i·

Gons; of ellurCe, theanal)fis thal \Ve have madecannOl be

Jufl. becaufe ir does nOl eompreher.d rhe \Vhole. To this

obj~élion

il may be anCwered, lhal the language of whieh

we have becn treating, is lhal whieh has been formed by

mutual compaél, for rhe purpores of reaConing and fpeeu.

lation; Ihat befiJes lhis artiryeial language, man, like e·

very o,her CenGtive animal, is endowed Wilh a natural

I. nguage, by which he can expreCs any Oroog Cenf.nion.

This language 'does nOl o\Ve irs eharaéleriOical expreffiou

to lhe arbilrary form of aniculation ; bUl derives irs

whole force from the tone of voice, aod modificalion

of eOUOlenanee and geOore: and of confequenee Ihefe

Iones and geOures expreCs rhe fame meaning withoul any

relalion

lhe aniculalion \Vhich Ihey may afl'ume, and

are lherefore univerfallyuoder(lood by

&11

mankind . Now,

inltrjefiion

is the name by whieh \Ve diOinguilh theCe

natural expreffion5 : theCe cannOl be properly ealled

words, or parrsoffpeeeh; bUl eerrainadvemirious Counds.

or voices of nature, expreffing thofe paffions and natural

emotions which fponlaneouOy arife in Ihe mind upon

lhe view or rnrrarire of inlereOing evcnlS. Vve mufl,

thererore, Oill conclude, thar all

langu.ge

properly fo

called is compofed of

'W.rdl,

all oi whieh may be aro

ranged ioto the Ceveral clafl'es above-menlioneJ ; and as a

reeapilulalion of lhe whole lhal \Ve have fa id , \Ve (¡Ibjoin

the follo\Ving tab/e, whieh prefems ar one t iew'the feve·

ral

cI:illi

s and [ubdivitJons of words.

S B