1000000030

prpduaion of a volatile

ll~ali,

and of this ninmoniacal

fait,

\Vhen we come to the aoalyfis of animals, and the

aniele of fal alnmooiac.

'lbe AnaJyfis of fome particular Subjlal!ceJ be–

Jonging

tbe VegelabJe Kil/gdom.

Ana&:IiJ

¡he natural Dalfaml: illjlallced in 'Tur·

pentine.

IKTo a cucurbit put as much rain·water as will fill

about a founh part of itl cavity, aod pour into it the

lurpeotioe you intend to analyfe. Cover the cucurbit

Ivith itl hcad, anJ lute it on with nips of fized paper

or wet bladder. Set your alembie in a falld.heat; lute

on a long.neeked reeeiver ; and give a gradual fi,e till

the "ater in the cucurbit boil. There will come over

ioto the.reeeiver a good deal of phlegm, which, by little

aed little, will become more and more aeid; and at the

fame time there will riCe a great quantity of an :Ethereal

oil, extremely light, fluid, aod as limpid and colourlefs

water.

When you obferve that no more oil comes off, unlute

your verreJs; and in the reeeiver you will 6nd an acidu–

Imd water, and the :Ethereal oil 80ating on it. Thefe

twO liquon may be eafily feparated from eaeh other, by

means of a glafs Cunnel.

lo the cucurbit will be leCt fome of the w,¡ter yOij put

in, together with the remainder

your turpeotine;

whieh, when eold, inllead

being fluid, as it was befare

dillillation, will be Colid, aod of the eonfiflenee

a reGo,

aod is tbenealled

rojin.

Put Ihis refiduum into a glaCs reton, 2nd dimll it in a

reverberatory with a nlked fire, gradually increaCed ae–

cording to the general rule for all ditlillations. At firfl,

with a degree of heal a Jittle greater than that of boiling

water, you will fee twO liquon come over into the recio

pient; one of which will be aqueous and aeid, the other

will be a mnCpmot, limpid, yellowiOI oil, floaling 00

the acid liquor.

Continue your dillillalion, increafi ng your 6re from

time to time, by flolV degrm. TheCe twO liquors

\Vill

(ontinue to come off tOgether

and the nearer the ope–

ration draws tO itl end, the more lIeid will the aqueous

liquor become, and the thicker and deeper coloured \ViII

the oil grow. At

I.n

the oil \Viii be very thick, and of

a deep redJifh·yellow colour. When nothing more a–

feends, unlute your "errels: in the rerort you will 6nd

only a "cry fmall quantity of a charred, light, friable

fubllance.

AII

narural balCams, as \Vell as torpentine, He oily,

aronalte mattclS, which How in grea! quantities from

the trces containmg them. either fl'0ntaneouOy,

thro'

incifions made on purpofe. As theCe manen have a

llrong fcent, it is not fu rprifing that lhey fllOuld greatly

abound ",ilh errential oils. They may even be confi·

dered as

eO~nti.1

oils, Ihlt natur,¡lIy. anJ of their oIVn

aceord, f.p.II.lte from the veg.taLlu in "hich theyexill.

arunll b.!fams, and errcnlial oils grown thick with

age, are exaétly une .nd tlle f.llne thing.

,orJingly

S T

1St)

we fee that 6re and diflillation produce lhe fame e/feéls

on both. The reéli6eation of an errential oil, thiekened

by keeping, is nOlbing but a decompofition thereor, by

fepaming, with the heat of boiling water, all thole

pans that are light enough to riCe with that degrce of

heat, from what is fo loaded witb ¡cid as to rcmaio 6xed

therein.

The newer natural balCams are, the lhinner they are,

aod the more elfential oil do they yield; and lhis erren–

tial oil, like all othen, grows thick in time, and al

1.11

turns agaio to an aélual balCam.

Thefe balfams, by being long expofed to the heat of

the Cun, aequire fueh a confillence as to become folid.

They then take another name, and are calJed

reJm.

Refins yield much lefs errential oil when diflilJed, than

balCams do. Henceit follows , that reGns are tO balfams,

what balfams are to errential oils.

'!he AnalyjiI of

RpllJ :

inJIancd in Del/ja",in.

'Th~

Flo'Wm and Oil of Betiamin.

IKTo a preuy deep earthen por, having a border or

rim round ill mouth, put the benjamin you intend to a.

aalyCe. Cover.the pot \Vith a large conical cap of very

thick white paper, and tic it on under the rimo Set youe

pot in a fand-bath, and warm it gently till the benjamin

melt. Conrinue the heat in this degree for an hour and

halr. Then untie rhe paper cap and take it o/f, fhaking

it as Jiule as poffible. You \ViII find all the inGde of the

cap cOfered Wilh a great quantity of beautiful, white,

fhining Oowcrs, in rhe form of little aeedles. Brufh lhem

off gently Wilh a fealher. {'ut them ioto a balde, aod

llop it elofe.

As foon

you take otf .he firll cap, cover your pot

immediatcly with a Cecond like the former. In lhis mano

ner go on lill you perceive the flowerl begio to grolV

yellowifh

aod then it is proper to defin.

The n)alter left in rhe pot wiJl be blackifh and friable

when colJ. PulveriCe it; mix it wirh faad ; aod dillill

it in a gla(s retor! with a graduated heat. Thcre will

come over a light oil. of a fragram fcent, bUI in very

fmall quantity;

little of 3n acid liquor, and a greal

quantiry of a red thick oil. There will be left in tlle

retort a cbarred, Cpungy fubllance.

Of lIJe Mliure al/l/ Properlies of Cnl/lphor.

do not propoCe to give 3n analy"s of this fingular

body; beeaufe hirherto there is no procefs known in

chemillry by which it Can

decompofed. \Ve Ihall

therefore cuntent ourfclves ",ith rtciting iu principal pro–

pertiel, ¡nd maling a

f~w

refleél:ons on in nature.

Camphor is an oily concrete fubelance; 3 kind of re–

fin, brought to us from rhe iOand of Borneo, but chiefty

from Japao. This fubllance refembles refins, in being

inflammable, and burning much as they do

it is not fa–

luble in waler, but dirrolyes entirely and perfeélly in Cpi–

rit of wine

it is eafily feparated again from this men–

llrullm, as aJl other oily mmerl are, by

addition of

waler

it d,rrolves both in exprerrcll and in dillillerl oils;

jt Imh a ver y Ilrong aromatic frnul. Tbefe are the

cbie!