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dant, ~nd fo weakly conneéled with their carth, that,
Ivhen they are thus \redted with nitre, there ali[l" in¡·
nkdiatcly a detonation, accomp.nied ",ith , and as
vlolent as if fulphur or charcllal dllll had beeo cmploy.
!",I ; CoIhat in a mOUlenl the metalline Cubll,lIlce lores its
phloginoil, .nd is cale;"cd. The nitre, aCter theCt de–
tOlutions, ~Iways alfumes an alkdlinc ehauller.
Of I ~oN.
hON i~ lighter and leCs duélile than copper ~ bU! it is
much harder, .nd 01 more ddlieult .
lt is the only body th. t has the property of being at·
m éled by the magnet, which therefore Cerves tO diCco·
ver it where·erer it is. Hut it muft be obCerved, tlut it
halh this property onl)" when in its mmlline nate, and
rofes it \\"hen eonl"ened tO an eanh or ealx. Henee
"try few iron·ores are anraéled by the loadllone; be·
c"oufe, Cur Ihe 01011 pUl, they ale only Cons of eanhs,
>l'bieh require a I'hl"ginoo 10 be adJcd befo,e Ihey can
lie brought 10 Ihe (orm of true iron.
\rhen lIon halh undcrgone no other preparatioll but
Ihe fllliun whieh is 10 fmell it fronl its ore, it
ii ufu,lIyquile brilde, .nd fiies 10 pieees under Ihe ham
lIler: Which ari(!"s in fome meafllre from liS cooraining
~ eenain ponion of unmelallic eanh interpoCed between
¡ts pans. This we call pig·iron.
By melting Ihis a (econd lime it is rendered purer,
2·nJ more free (rom helerogeneous malters: HUI Hill, as
¡ts proper parlS are probably OOt broughl Cufliciendy
ntar, or c10Cely enough uniled, tilllhe iron halh under·
gooe fome f"nher preparalioo behdes Ih.t of it
(t:ldl,m hath aoy degree oC malleability.
The w. y 10 give it Ihis propcny is tO make it jun red·
1i0l, aod Ihen hammer it for fome time io all dirdlioos;
to Ihe e"d that ils pans may be properly uoited, ineor·
pow~d, and welded togethor, aod that"lhe helerogeneous
mallers which keep themafunder may be Ceparatod. l ·
fUn made by Ihis means as malleable 8S poflible, we
di bar-ir.n, o, (.rg"¡ iron.
Bar·iroo is lhll harder 10 fufe Ihao pig.iron: To make
il fiow requires the UlmoH force oC fire.
1roo has the propeny of imbibiog agrealer quaatity oC
r~'¡llgilloll tI.. n is o~celfary tO gi\'e il the mmlline (~rm .
Ir may b made 10 in this fuperabuodaal phloginon
I\VO ways: The firll is by fufiog il agJio wi,h ma!lers
thal coolaio the phloginoo; Ihe fecoad is, hy eocom·
p:liliog ir IVilh a 9uaotilY of Cu,h mmers, charco;.!-dufi,
(or ioHaoce, and Iheo expofiog it Co eoeompalfeJ, for ~
cerraio time, 10 a deflree of fire barely CuRieieot 10 keep
it red·hot. This Ctellnd method, whereby one lub·
IIJnce is io.:orpor.ted with anorhe, by means of 6re, UU!
",irhoul fuGog cuher of Ihel1l, is io geoeral called c~mc"lll. /lon.
lron Ihus im?,egnaled IVith ao addilional quaolily of
phlogiHoo is eall~d j lul. The hardoefs of necl may be
cunliderably aupmellrcd hy l(/n/" ,.irJK it; Ihat is, by
m.kiog it red·hot, aod ClIddcnly quenehiug it in fome
cold hquor. The hOller the mml , anrl Ihe colder Ihe
¡"Iu , in whieh il is qlleoehed, Ihe hardee \\"ill the Hee!
be. fly Ihis meaos tools are , fueh as files 301!
lhCI!I3, capable of cuniog and ¿¡"idioS lbe lu rden bo·
s T R y,
dies, as glaCs, pebbles, "od iron itfdr. The eolour o(
Hee! is d.,kcr tI,.O Ihat oC ir~o, .ud the fJ~IS which
appear 00 b«.king it are finalla. II is alfo ¡eh duélile
alld more brinle, eCpecially wheo lempered.
. As iron llI~y be illlpregllated Wilh ,o additiooal quao.
IlIy o( phl"gdloo, aod thereby cooverted iOlo Heel, fo
I~ay Hee! be again deprived of phlo.
gtlloo, .od brought b,ICk ro Ihe condllioo of iron. This
is eff,élod by eel1lenling il wilh puor earrhs, Cllch as e~l.
eined bones aod eltalk. By Ihe C'lile "pcwioo (leel
m.y be unlmlp,,,,,: oay, il will lofe the hardoeCs il
h.J aclluireJ by lempering, if it be bUI made red·hot,
?od leh 10 eool gradu.Jly. As iron and neel dlfrcr only
10 the reCpeéls We havo here lakeo nOlice of, Iheir ~ro.
penies beiog in all olh" reCpeéls Ihe fame, what follows
is equally applieable ro búlh.
Iroo beiog expoCed tO Ihe aélion of 6re for Come
lime, efpecially wheo divideJ inlo Cm.1! partides, Cuch
as "gs, is calcioed, and 10Ces ils I'hlogilloo, By Ihis
It turos 10 a ~ind of reddiOI yello" eJrth, wh·ieh
00 accouol of ils eolour is called crO( UI ¡11.,'ÍI, or
faffron o[ Mar¡.
. This iroo has the fingul., properly of flowin~
In Ihe Gre \Vtrh Comewltal Hs ddlicalty than iroo ¡tCclf;
where., erery olher melalltoe Hows wHh leCs eaCe
thao Ihe metal that produeed it. II has moreover the
rtmarkable property of uoiung wilh Ihe phlogillon, and
of beiog reduced lO iroo Wilhoul f"fioo; requiriog for
that pllrpufe ooly 10 be made rcJ·hod.
Iroo Otay b~ ioeol porated wilh r.lver, aod eren wilh
gold, by meaos of eenaio oper~lions Uoder Ihe anicle
of lead, \Ve (bal! Cee how il mal' be feparated froOl toeCa
mel,ls.
The aeids produce 00 it mllch Ihe C¡me efl'eéls as 00
eorper: every ooe of Ihem aéls uFoO ir. Cenain oeu·
tral CallS, alkalis, aod even waler ilCtlf, are e~pable of
diO"ulviog il; and hence il is alCo ·ruy (ubjeél 10 runo
The vitriolic aeid dilfolves il with Ihe greatell eaCe:
but Ihe cireumnanees which alleod Ihe dilfolulioo there–
of are dilrereor from Ihcíe wilh u'hich the aeid
dilrolves copper. For, !. Whe'e's Ihe viltiolic acid
mun be eoneeorrated tOddrolve copper, il mull on Ibe
be d,luted with waler to diOalve iroo, which
it wil! oot !Ouch wheo IVell dephlegmaled. 2. The
vapou" "hich rife io Ihis dilfolu lioo are iofiamnublo;
Co Ihat if II be made io a Cmall·necked bonle, and ,he
Jlame uC a eandle be aprlied to Ihe momh thereof, Ihe
I'apours io Ihe bOlde lake fi,e with fueh rapidil)' as to
produce a eonr.dcrable explofioo.
Th,s folmioo is of a bCJ'lIiful greeo eolollr; and from
rhis unioo of the vitriolic acid wlth iroo, tbere reCuhs a
oeulr:u mwllioe f. Ir, which has Ihe properly of 01001-
iog iOlo cryHals of ,¡ rhumboid.1 figure, aod a grecn co-
101lr. Thde cr)ilals are calkd gran vilri.I. and vi·
Iriol of /11.n .
G, een vitriol halh a fa\ri(b aod anringeot tane. As
il relalOS a grta! deal o( wala io cryllallizlng it qm U)'
lIows by th~ aélioo of 6re: but this Ruidily is Oll'log te
ils waler only, aoJ is 001 a re.1 ; for as foon as
ils moiOure is eVdporareJ. il rrfumes a Colio COlm !ts
r,rccn tranCrar~nt colour is OOIV (haoged iOlo ¡-¡¡ uP'que
wlule: