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l\1r . D ..:rhanl :\crO~1n:?; for ,he l11"ccíp:t(\tion hencc, thdc
tth~ vdicub' h~illg fui l of (lir , when t!tey m~f't with a colJér
air lh:\o that th~y comain, lhclf air is cCJlu rath!d ¡OIO él
Icfs (pdCC: ; ;\nJ conrt'qul'ndy lhe \Vltery llicll renuercJ
\;"¡ i~kcr. f\l:loS lO a eCOnlt! hc;,,·icr lhan lhe ~ir , t e.
Others onl)' ;.lIow lhe:: colJ a pan in ,he aétion, and
bring in the winJs as Iharcrs with it: mdnd, it is plotin,
tr.;u ::lo wioJ, blowinj! ttg,linH a c10uJI will dr¡,'e its vcli–
cula; Up,1O one anvthcr, by which nlcaos feveral of them
cMll ch.ing. will be cnalllcd la dt (ccnd; and lhe cff..ét
\ViII be '1.11 more conliJerablc ir (\VO oppofi te winds btow
to\vdrds lhe (ti me place. Add tO chis, tln t c10llds al ·
re~ciy Cormed, h"rpening la be agcrav:ued by frdh ae–
celIions uf t'arour continllally afcending, may thenc~ be
~nabkd to defcer.n .
Accordi!lg 10 R oh=l!!lc, che great caure of rain is (he
heat oi Ih~ air; which , aft er continuing for time
nc:ar dle e'Hth, is al lengt h carried up 00 high by a wlnd,
2nd cherc thawi ng lhe lnowy villi , or flucks of the half
\·cfi cu:;c. reduces thlll'l iota drops j WlllCh, coal–
h:f~ing, derccnJ.
O thers, as or. CJarke, &c. afcribe Ihis dl'fceOl of
the c¡ouos r:lther 10 l n ::¡lteratión of Ihe almorphere rhao
of che Teficulx; and fuppofe it to ariCe from a diminutlon
of the elallic force of the .ir. T h1S ela(hClty, "hich de_
pends chiefly or \l/holl)' 0 0 the terreoe exhal.nions, b<ing
wcakened, the tl.tmofphere finks under its bu rden, aod the
c10uds f. lI .
Now lhe lietle vefic1es, being once tlpon che dtfceot,
will pcrfiO: lhere;n, notwithHandiog lhe Incre ...fe of rdi{t·
ance Ihey e\'ery mOO1enl meet with . For as Ihey al l tend
the centre of Ihe earth, lhe! farther chey f:.loll , lhe
more coalilions will they m..lke j and lhe more co;\li,ioos,
lhe more matler wi ll there be uoder the fame furrace;
lhe fUI face only iocreaflng as Ihe fquares, bUI the (oli–
dity as the cubes ; and the more matter under the r..lme
ful'face, the Icfs re(¡!h n.:e there wilrbe to the fame mat·
t er. T hus, i ( the cold, wind , 6e. aét: earl y ellough to
precipitate the afcending \,t"ficles, before they are arn\"td
at aoy cooflderable hc!ight, lhe cOd.litionc. lH:ing bu t (e\V,
the drops \Vi II be proponionably fmall ; and thus is (ormed
al ·de\Y. lf lhe \-apours be more COpIOUS. and rife a Jiule
I,igher, we a miO or fog. A hule higher lIill, .nd
they produce a (null rain , ee_ Ir they neither meet with
cold nor wind, they (orm a , thick, dark Iky.
.trence, m.. ny of lhe phznomeotl. of the weather may
bl! .iccountcd fur: as, whya cold fummer is always a. \Vct
.on e, and a WMm a dry one j why \Ve Ildve cornmonly
moO: rain about the equinoxes; why a fetded, thick,
cloCe /ley Cc;\rce ever raios, t111 it have beeo. firfi clear.
A s (Q lhe quantity of raio that (..lis, ¡cs propon ion in
fc.;veral place! at the fame time, and in the [¡¡me place at
ft:veral limes, we have llore of obfervations, jOllrnals,
&c. in ,hc m,moirs of the French Academy, Philofo·
phical Tranfa{lions, &c.
R A1N.110W. See O" r1es, p. 435, &c.
L unl1,. itA I N80W . T'he mooo fomcumes alfo exhibils the
pllxnoOlenon of an iris, by the rc:fraélion of her rays in
drops of raio in lhe ni~ht_time.
Al iOode f.tys. h<. was th e fidl lh,u cver obferved it ; and
adcls. thtl.t it is neve r viribh: b Ul at lhe lime of fult 01(\0 11 .
~rhc IMlar iris has a11 Ihe colours o[ the fol.v, uoly
fJiDI cr.
r:. A l\f
/l1.lIint R ATX¡ OW, tIte: fc.-bow, i, ~ pJ.:ennntenon rl·rr.~litOlS
Lurer\'cd in a. much tl.giuted f{"'a, wh~o th: winrl,
f WC~I' ng p:!.rt of lh:: tops 01 ,he \l·av<.s, carri~s thcm a–
Joft ; Iv tlut the r;1 yS uf lhe fun are rcfr"él~d. be , as
in :1 cn mmon fhower.
R AISINS, W:.IopCS prcpued by fufferiog them tO remaio on
lhe \In::: 1111 thcy Are perfeflly ripe, and [hen dryin g them
in tilo:: fuo , or hy the he"t of ;\0 o,·en. The dlfFt:rence
bl!l':lec;o r..llfio-; dried in the fun, and thofe dried io ovens,
is vr:ry obviQllS : the former are fwcet aoJ , bUl
th:! I:hter luye a LHent aciJny Wilh the fweclnefs that
rendcr\ ,h('O\ much lers agreeable.
R AI~E oí aJlup is .11 that pan of her hull which ~.ngs o·
va b Ol :) ends of her kecl. T hat which is befare, is
c.l.l!(d Ihe fore-rake, or rJke_forward ; and lh.u -pan
w :lIch is al l ht" fetung 00 of the nern -poO:, is c;¡lIed rhe
rah :trI , or aftc.rward.
R ALL US, in ornitholu&y. a genus bdonging to the order
of gro l re . l'he bealt is thickdl at the "a(e, comprelfed.
equ.d, a~'Ule, and fomewlul f'harp 00 lhe back oear the
pOlnt ; the ooflrils are oval; lhe feet nave four toes.
WlthUUI flOy 1kcl>; aod lhe body is compreffed. There
are ten rpccies. principall y diUinguifhed by lhcir colour.
R!'\M. in zoolo&)'. Sce OVIS.
RAM , io alhooomy. See ASTRON OM': .
Dalluing RAM. in ¡miq\lity. a mililary engine ufed to bao
ler and be.t down ,he walls of places befieged.
The balterinc ram was of two [ores; the one rude and
plaio, tbe othc:r compouod The former feems lO have
been 00 more than a great beam which the {old,ers bore
00 their at ms aod (houlders, and \I"ilh ooe end of jt by
maio fo rce a{failed lhe \Vall. The compound ram is thus
defcribed by Jofephlls; it is a • • I! be.m, like the maO
of a !hip, (trc ngthened at ooe end with a head o( iroo,
fomethiog rl Cembltng that of a nm, whence it [ook its
name.
This "OS hung by the middle with ropes to another
beanl, which hy acrofs two pofl s; and hd.nglng thus e–
qually bal..lnced, it WdS uy « grt:.ll nUOlber of meo drawn
b.ckword. and p"(hed forwa ,ds, nnking t~e wall with
its iroo_head.
Plularch informs uso thal hrc Aothony, in tbe Par–
thim \V:.Ior. m<tde ufe of a ram fourreore feet long: and
VltruvlUS tells liS th.H lhey \Vere fometimes an huodred
aod fix, and fOllle~ imes <1.0 hundred aod t\Venty ieel in
I<ngth; and to thi, ,h-e force and I!rength of
lhe englne \Vas io a ",eafure owiog. The ram was
managed al on\! time b)' a ""hule (~ntur)' of folJiers ; and
they being fpenr. were fecooded by aoothe r ceotury. fl,)
lhal it pl"yco cOntinU311y ",ithout :.Iony intcrmiHi(¡n.
R A\'11' s H EAo, in a fhlp, IS a ~rcat block bdonglng to the
fore ;.¡nd main·halllards. Ir has three fhl\'Crs io ¡l, ioto
which the halh:uds are pUl, and in a lf'Ole al the enJ of
it ue ree\'("d lhe lies.
R .~I\I :\D.~N . , fokmn feafon of f. Oing among the M aho–
OIct;oIns . St·c t\'I AtlOMETANISM _
RA M IFICATI O:-l, ,ho prodll,Q ion of boughs or branches ,
or of (i~t1res rd<.mbliog brdoches.
R :\ f\ li\lER. ao inlt rument uf~d for dri\"inc dCl\\"n n(ln('~ or
pilt.:s into I h~ ~t ound; or fllr botin~ the c:art h, in oh.ter
t(l rt'llda il Ith.>rC fuliJ f" r a found.ltiC"lD.
R Jr. M Mt k r,/ Il gll 'J, th:: gun-Ibd.; a rIJd ufed in (""hJr~i"~
01 ,11.:'I('\j 10 JfI,"~ hIJI!u! tlle r O\\t!I.·r, as alf" lhe Ihot J.n~t
the