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MORAL P Ir 1 L O S O P 11 Y. 273
fl inarion of O1;'ln, the h:t\'inC an,d )zcd lhe ptinciplc, of
Wh h.:h he is comrofed. h is Ol·cd . in tlle ncxt .pl acc,
to cc: nlidcr in wh ... , arder, p, oporlinn, ;\nJ m~.l(ure of
thore inwarJ princi pies, vinue, or a found mor..1 tcmper
and righl conduét, conliíh; tll ••{ \Ve m~ y dlfl:ovcr whcncc
mor..1 obligatiuns arife.
O[ D III/ , Dr JlI.rnl'J bligalion .
1T i. by ,he end or or .ny po\Ver or movemenl,
that \\fe mun di reét it motlons, and eflimtttc I~e drgTce
of force nc:ccO'..ry (Q il! j un ..fli on. Ir ir want ,·he torce
req\ufite for Ihe olHalnlO~ ils cod, \Ve TCckon il deft"éll\'c f
ir il bas too much , fa OlS 10 t:.e carricd beyond H, wc f. y
¡,'¡s ovcr·cllarged; and in eilhe!'" cafe il ¡, impcrft.'a, and
ill contn \'t'd . Ir it h;u jufi enough lo re¡eh tht: fcope,
we ellccm i, rigil', ano as i, Ihould be. Lct us apply'
chis rc ... foning lO the p.. lTion, .
The defence .nd lecuri,y or ,he ¡ndi,·idu.1 bciog ,he
aim of {he defenfive ,'aITivns, {hat fecuri,y and dcf(,'ncc
mul! be ,he me.fure or ¡heir rt«o ...h or indulgence. If
Ihey are fa wedk as to prove infuffici!nt (or that cnd, or
if they c,¡rry us beyond it, i.~. r."fe unoccclr.l ry camOlO'
'¡uns, or cominue looger Ihan is necdful, they are uofit
ro anfwe.r their ori1!in;l1 dd ign, and therefore are in 3 0
unCound and uno,Huroll Oale. The exercife of feu or of
ref(nemeot ha, nOlhing de(irable in it, nor can \Ve give
way to ei\ht'r wilhout paioful fenf;Hioos , \ Vilhoul a cer–
taio degree of tbtOl, \Ve are oaked aod expofed : with
too hi¡.:h a proponion of them. we are miferable, andof,
ren injurious lO olhe" , Thus cowa,dice or timidity,
which is Ihe exccfs of fear, inrtead of faving us ind3nger,
givC1 it too formida1,le ao appearance, m3kes us ¡ncapable
of .ttendiog ,o ,he hert mean. or prefervat ion, ,and d,r
arms US of courase ou :" natural armour. Fool·hardi·
nefs, which is the want of a due meafure of rear, leads
us heedleny inlo danger, and lulls us intO a pernicious fe–
c\uity. Revenge, ; ~. exceffi\'e rcfentOlenr, by the
..¡olence of in commol ion, robs us of thac prefence of
mind which is ofteo lhe bdl guard at ai nn IOj'lry. and in·
elines us tO pUl fue the .lggrdror Wllh more leverity Ihan
CeJf d~r::nce rcquire,- PulillaniOlit)' , or Ihe W4lnl of a
juO ind'gnation agaln(l wrong . leaves us quite ungu1fded.
and I( neh to fi nk the mind imo a p3fli .e CDcrv,u cJ tamc–
ncfs T " ererure, _. ' o kcep ,he p. ffi oos duly
proporcianed tO our dolngcrs. is theu Di lUldl pitch and
tenor ,lO
The privHe pArrlons Icad u, to purfue fome pofil ive
fpecies of private ~ood , ThH good, thcr~rJI~ . whlch is
che ohjt" ...'l cnJ cnd of c~ch, mol! be the meO\fure of lheír
rcfpe(lI\'e fo rce, ÓlnJ dirctl thcir operatioo. If the,. .re
too \, ..('~k or fl ug!:,lh ro cng3ge us lO rhe: pUf(ui , oC thcl r
(cfc:ral ohj:.:tls . lhey are cVldcntl y dl fl clen t ; bu t I( thC'y
defell thelr cnd ~y thcir iOlpelUolily . then they
fl r..;neJ bLyOllrt ,he JuH tone of n"ture, Tllus v.. nitY, or
In C",<ccflivc pallillo for :\ppl..ufe. belr ;\y s ioro fu ch Ole¡o·
ntlfrs aod lar le ..n s or pOj'ul.n:y, as nukC5 liS (urfelt Ihe
honrour \\e lo l n.'C.iol n, court. 0 0 the othe r h..od, a
total ioJ ,fLrcoce abuUt thc cftt!e n of nl.tol..i nJ, rC'moves
a tlrone ~lutd 2nd fpu r to \': r Hlt.:, ;¡nd I,¡ ys the mind op~ n
t o lhc O1u fl ..L. ndonc:d profe,:utlons. Th.:refure. " 10
kcep ("lar prI \,¡te p.. fTh,ns ¡ od ~,,-Lirc..s proportloncJ to cur
\'oL . lll. ;-';0. SO. 2
"" nI" i, ,fi e jurt m e,fu,e anJ pite " or tI,i. c1af, of .f.
{ta íoos ..
The dc(c:o(i ye and pli\';uC' p:dlions do all acree in 1!c,
neral In tht'l r tcndency or contJucl\'l..'nefs tO lhe 101(,:rctt
or f,ood of tlle indl\'H.iuaJ. Thelefolc, wheo Ihclt.: IS a
colldioo o( ¡olere/h, ac; may (omcllmcs l,arpen, Ih,lt ab~
gr~C,He of good or h~ pplnds. which is con.poreJ o( Ihe
goods to wh lc h thl'Y re(pcéli\'ely tl nJ , nlll/t b:
the Common rland ...rd by wlllch thclr comp.Hat·\c dl"greet
of Itrcngd, are 10 be mc.,furcd , That IS 10 fc.t )', Jf .oy
oC Ihc..m . in the decree in whlch rh('y rrc\'~d. are incLm.
pallble wilh lhe grealeH ;.g~reg;Hc o( go(;d. or O1oll CX ~
tcnlÍ\'e ¡nter en 01 the indiVIdual. Ihen are they ullcqual
and d,fproportionol tc" For, In j udging of a part icular
fyHe:m or cCJnfllllltlOn o(po\\ers, wc: ca ll thar rhe (upremc:
or princi pal end, in o,J.'hich the aims of Ihe re\'er,,1 pans
or powers coincide, and tu whlch they are fUI)ordlnJtc;
and reckon theOl -t n due prC'lpo rt ion tO each olher, and
right ,with regard lO tbe whole, wll('n they m2lOt"in that
fubordin3lion or fubfervi cn,·y, 1 hacfore, " to propor–
tion our dL(enfi ve and prl\'are p. l1ions in fuch me,l{urc: to
our dangers and \Van l' , as belt 10 recu re Ihe ¡odi vidu.l,
2nd obuin the grea tell agercg,ue uf privatc goad or ha.p·
pinefs, is their juH balance or compar. u\'e llandard In
eare o( compelitlon."
lo like maRner. as Ihe public or focial ¡ff"l..'tlions point
at Ihe good o( olhers , that good mutt be the me.ifure of
their force , \Vhco a particular foci.d aff ... tlion, a' grl ~
rilude or (rieodO,i p. which belang! to a panicwar loci11
connetlion, viz, lhat of a benefatlpr or o( a (rie:nd . is
too ('cble 10 makc: us 3{t the gr.tteful or fri endly pdn;
that afTctlion, belog infufficlcnt tO an{~'er ils end. is de·
feétive and un(ound. lf, 0 0 the other hand, a p2r,icu~
lu pa(Jion or Ihis cJa{s cou nteratl or deft:at lhe iO[ereíf it
is dcfigned 10 promote, by ils violence or tl,fproportion,
lhen ;5 rhat p.Jl1iun exccJ1ive and irregular. Thus oatu~
ni affd li on, if ir degenerares into a pallionate fondnefs,
00' ool y h,nders ,he p..ents rrom judgiog coolly of .he
intercft of Ihclr orfspnng, bUI often ICJds thcm iOlo a mott
pani21 and pt rnlclúus indt..lgt!nc~.
As C\'o y klr,d .ffdl ion poinu at the good or its parti~
cular ohj tél , it is peflible there O1t1y be fame tiOlcs a col–
lifion of Interefl s or goods, T hu5 the rcgaro th lC t O a
fricnd may ¡nterrere wlIh whlch we OWt! to a corn mu–
nlty, In furh a competilioo of in tereHs. it is e\ denr.
Ih .lI lhe xreJld l is to be chafen; and th3 t i5 lhe grearen
int::reH, wh ich COntalns rhe gre:udt fum or a~cre~;.¡fe of
publ ic good, crc.tlelt in qu"nrity dS wdl as dur.ltion.
T his lhen is th(: C,)01l110 0 , by whil.'h Ihe r cfp(( ~
t¡ve: (orCl s and flJborJlnaTions ()~ Ihe 1~)ci31 ;, (fc8ions mult
be :uljullcd T ht..'It:(""\IC \Ve concl udl', that IhlS " dais t.f
aff('~tluns ;o re fou n.J ¡¡¡nd re~uJ..¡r. when lhey pl olr pr \l~ to
pur[ue the inlC'fl ft 01' Indlvutu,, "s In . 0 t.. ntlre conli ltency
wuh ,he public ~ol)d : " or, in odlcr \Vores, " v.h cn dlC..y
are d ~l y ptOrl rl loncd tOlhe: cbngc:rs J.r,d w¡,nts of olhn s.
and tu lhe \',¡ rIOUS reLuions in which we ll .. nJ to IOJI \'i~
, or 10' (oclcty ..
T hus \\ C luv~ fo und . by an i"dué1:ion of p:\niculus, the
n¡ 'u r;\! pltch or te:nor o( lhe ddTerent ordeTS o ( .. fie(l loo,
conli Icrcd ap.H t by thurir:: lv s. N ow ;u the ,,¡rlue ('Ir
r u L :llun ol" c \', ry crelturc !tes iD {onO\\Jn~ lIS Dlwre,
3 Z t or