1000000031

:20:2

Ivl E T A P JI Y S

e s.

t wo

idf,U ,

as in

d.!)}..,~J1r:1/¡'n.

in which

arrives

knowledgc

or thci r probAble

connc{tlon, 00

which

givcs or Wilh ·holJs its

t1!l~f.I.

as in

opiniolJ.

S(nft

:iilnd

in/ui/ion

r';<\l.:h but a littlc

\V,IY:

T he

grc.tt

–

pan

OUT

knowJ ed~c

depcnds upon

J ed ul.,.(bon$

.tnd

intermeuiatc

¡.I:lll.

I n

thore

caCl.!s whcre

\Ve:

mull

lakc

propolitlons

(LIT (fU ::,

withou! bcing cert;:tin of their bt:,ng

fo,

Wt!

have necd

t O

lind Qm ,

eX,tnllne , ano

compart Ihe

arounJs of thc.::ir

prob"ódily:

In bot h

cafes.

the

r.tcult y

which finus

Out

lhe means, and righ ll y applies th .:m

d ircover cert .linty in

Ihe

one, anJ prob..tbdtty in Ihe other,

thu which \Ve c.lll

r!afm.'

th.u in

re.lfon

we may

conrider thefe

f Oflr

degrees;

firjJ.

T he J .fcovering anJ

fi nding

Out

of prccfs ;

/úondiy

The

regu lAr and

melilo–

dical dlfparition of thcnl .' and l;tyiog thern io fuch orde r

2S theirconncélion nldy be pl.¡i nly rcrct:i ved

Ihirdly ,

The

pt=:rceiving their con neaion ;

fOU, IU)' .

The makmg a right

conclufion.

There is one t!liog

more

which

deferves to be confidcrcJ

caof45oiog

r(ofon;

and that ¡s, wh elher

Jj/logifm,

as is

geoerally thought. be the propcr inHrumcnt of

and dle

ufcfulld! way of exerciling lhi, facuhy. The c.ufes lO

doubl of it. are lhefe :

Firjl,

Becau:e

/logifm

(erves our

r(nfoll

but in ORe

onl y of the forem ent ione!d parts

it; and that

¡s,

to fhew

the coane8ion o( the proofs of any one ¡n(lance, and no

more: But

this it

of no gre<\t ufe. fince the mind

cao perceive fu ch conneélion, where it really Is, as eafily,

Day perhaps better, withou[ it. We may ohferve. tha [

there are many mco th at reAfon exceeding elc", and right.

Iy. who know not how to

m.ke

Jjll giJm:

And fc.rce

2ny one make

ftll1gifl1lI

reafoning wahin hlm!t:lr. In–

deed, fometimes they may fer ve tO difcover a f"lIacy , hid

in a

r ht:torica/Bou rilh;

or by fh ipping an dbfu rdny of (he

cover of wit and good language, fhew il in

¡es

naked de·

form ilY: But the we.knefs or rdlldcy of rllch • loofe dif·

courre it fhews, by the artificial fOTll'} ir i5

pUl

iota, only

t o thoCe \Vho

ha\'c

through ly l1uJied

!n1.Ü

and

figure,

and

have

examincd the ffidn y ways that thre:c pi opofition¡

may be put together, as to know which of them does cer·

uinly conclude right, ami which not. and ¡lpOn what

grounds il is that they do fa : llul the:y who have no[ fo

{ar looked ioto {hole forms, are nOI rll re.

vinue of

/JI/"'g i(m,

that the conclufion certainl y foll ows from the

preml'/Trs; the mind i5not taught

realon by there

rulo ;

it has a native faculty tO pc.cei ve the coherence or inco–

herence of ¡es

idt:Of ,

and can range Ihem righl without

lay

fllCh

pc:rplcxing

r(pditiol1J.

And to Ihe\ll the weaknefs of an argumcnt, there nceds

no more

bu~t

tO Clrip

of the fupe,Huous

itiraJ,

WlllCh,

blc:ndcd aod confounded with cho:e on which lhe infe·

renCe depeods, reem to

O1.ew

a conocélion where th t: re is

none , or at leaH do hinder the difcovay of the w..tnt of

it ;

and the o to

I"y

the oakeJ

,JroJ.

which the force

of the

argumenta l jond~p('nd5,

in Ihei r due ordcr; in which

porilion the mind , ld.king a view of IheUl, fe t"

\VhJt coo·

netlion {hey have. and fo

¡9

abJe tO judge of {he Inferencl!

wjl holJ[ .ny nred of ryllogifm

all.

Suondl]·.

1I"."f< fyllugifm, are nOl Icf,

li.~l e

to f. l·

lacies lh, n lhe

pl.in

"IJYO

of arcumentanon. And ror

chis we: :tppCtd to comlllO.l obrerv;,¡tion.

which

ha~

aTway,

found thc!e Afiirici

O1 _dlOd!i

rC.lfoning m'He adJpted

c..¡c¡;h ard

enttln;;lc

che

01 111\1. th In to iolla

ul.1 ...

nd in·

form

d a.:

lInJaft.wJl1l

Ao.l

~ert.lin

chí\t ftlllacy

can b{:

C'lUdlCd

in f) Ilop iflns,

¡;,Ulnot

(.knied ,

mufl

lom~

tllI ng elfe::,

.In

n.H

fyllogd-01. th.¡t

mll (l

dif..

cover

Ih c'lll: H UI I(

mcn n"dlcd in .\nJ ufed tO rylhg,fnl'i,.

Cind

thcm

:dlilbng

thej r reafo ·tin the cilrcovery of tru 'h ,

\Ve

[h ink ¡hey ough t tOmtlke

u!'(;

of tllcln. Al! Ihac \Ve ¡:¡im

ae is, that chey fh ould not

,trcnb~

more tO {h t fe for0l3

thaR

bc!<.'ngs

th~ll1;

ano think tl:l J.t m:n havc no ti re, or not

[o fulJ a tire , of thcir rcar.. ./Olng fa ... ullY without thcm.

But h(}weve r it

in knowlcdge, it

1'1

of far lefs. or

ufe

all in

p '·9hlll,'¡//uJ.'

f or the

(11fi·,~t

1ere being

d~l ermlOt'd

Ihe preponjnancy, aller a due welgh.

in~

of all ,he prou(s un

bllth

fides, nOlhing is fo unfit

.dTiH

the rnlnd in th;l t as

fyll"tiflll ;

which ronning away

wit h one tlffumed

proh.'¡JlI"J ,

purfues d1.\t tdJ it

has Icd

the mln ...

"uite out of (jóh t of thc thing under confideraeion.

HU l let il ht:lp liS (IS perh3ps

mtyhc

f.u d) inCClntJillcillg

"un

'~r

/he'lr

rf.¡rJ r,r

lIJifiú~

J.'

yc:t Cbll it fa ils our rea·

ron in thott p.l:

whl..:h

nOI

its h'ghdl perfe3.ioo.

¡,

yet

certai nly ils harddl

t;¡(k,

31'ld that wll1ch

\Ve

moíl: neeo its

hel p

10;

and that is.

/h,

ji1ldi lll?

ou/

o.rpro~íf,

Iwd

malil1g

nrw

ri'.ft'iV(rleJ ,

'l '¡H~

way of naroning dlkove rs no ne'Y

proofs, bUI IS the

J.r(

of m;,dh. lling ano ranging th: old

ones \Ve have already. Aman knows

hdl ,

and then

j, able

10 PI

IIOfij/

,foIl];

""'6"0;;i/;,,

comes .f–

ter knowledge ; Jnd th:!n ama n hJS litde or no need of it.

il ut jI is chidly by Ihe find ing out thore

idt.1J

th?t fllew

the: conncét

of di:tant onl:S, Ih.t our (lock of know–

ledge is Incre.tfed, and that u(<.ful arts and rciences

¡re

advanced.

R~afQn,

though of a very h rge

e~tent,

fails

fe –

veral ¡nrlomees;

:AS,

firfl ,

\.v he re our

iclrOl

f",jl.

St'ConJ–

!y,

is o(lel'l at

1(',(5,

b~ca\lft:

,he

obfcurity, co'n(u–

(ioo, nor imp ' rfe.::,9 ion of che

id:,oJ

it is eOlployeJ about.

Thus having no

perfe~ i.1~Qof

Ihe Ieaít cxtenfion of

lIJol–

/(r ,

in/illi fJ .

\Ve are al

10Cs about the dlvifibdl[ Y

OLmall(r . T hirdf.J .

Our

reafolJ

oftcn at a (l.¡;nd, be·

caufe it perceives not thofe

i.lNlJ,

whieh woulJ ferve

{he:w tht! cenain or prob.\

,I~

<lg reemcnt or dd:'grcemenr

of any twO ol ber

id~a, .

FO{Jr/h~y.

Ol.l r

r ro(on

is often

enf'aged in alJCurdities anJ dlln¡;ulties , by procceding up–

falre principies, wlud} bl!ing folJowcd.

lc.::ad

m~~1l

into

cOntradll'lions tO themrel\'Cs. and inconfiHency in their

own

rhou

llls .

F'.ft Alj

Dubious words, and uncertain

figns, úften puzzle meDS

r~.;f)'¡,

and bring

Ibc:m

ít

nonp! us .

l 'hough the dedllci ng one propofition fr om another, be

a g e,u p1rt of reafun, anJ lhat which

is ufually em–

pl uy<:d ablJut

} t t

,he prlnripAI al9 0(, r.uiocin.¡tion, i.

lhe I.nJIIlg Ihe agreeOlcnt or

dlf~greeOlent

of twO

i d(llf

one wilh anolhcr, by Ihe inlefvelltion of

third; as a

lO,

YHrl,

¡¡ ncls

[Wu

houfcs

be of [he (.¡m: length.

whi c:h cou1d nOl he brou,!ht lOgethc:r tO meafurc thel r e–

qUJtlít y

b}'

jm:l fl·,."ji un :

\Vords ha\'e thc:i r coo rcqucn.

CC:S :1.50

Ihe (jt;ns

lueh

i.l~nJ :

ancl

thin.~s

agrcc or c.1if-

3grc:e, as rc=ally thr.:y are

but \Ve obferve

ooly by ou e