1000000030

wakenin~

:md

transfercnces, being but incidental, en Cax;

fce the

hit

p,ivil~gcd

fummoores, in aél of federunt

June 29, 1672 .

fummons mull be exccuted,

i. ,.

l!r,<d

ag~in!l

th= defender, fo a, the bn diet of appedr·

Inee OI¡ybe ",ithin a ye.r after the date of the fU\llOlons ;

Ind it mun be eallcd "ithln ayear after that dlet, other·

wife it f.lls for e'er. OITenee ag. mn the authority of

Ihe eourt , aéls of malverfation in otliee by any member

of the

~ollege

of julliee, and "qs of violente and opprelfion

eomOlitted during the

dep<!n~en(e

of a fuit by any of the

parties, may be tried ",ilhout a (ummons, by a (ummary

conlpl.int.

30.

Where an allion is in pan penal,

f .

remo·

ving. fpoilzie,

tJc

apurfu.:r" ho rellriéls his d, mand to,

and obtains deeree m.rely (or relbt..tion, eannot thereaf·

ler briog a OeW proeef6 for the .ioleót proCats . Yet the

fame f.d may be the foundat ion botl\ of a erimin31and

ci,il adion, bec;¿ufe Ihefe tlVO are intended for differeol

porpofes; the one for fatisfying the publie junice, lhe

other for indemnifying the private pally: And thougb

Ihe defender fllOuld

abfolved in the criminal tri,l, for

want of evidenee, tbe party injured may bring 3n adion

. d civil,m

,jf,lIUIII,

in whieh he il intitled tO refer lhe

libel to the defender's oath.

'31. 01lC libe! or [ummons may contain different con–

c1uCaons on the (ame ground of right, rtfriIfory, declara–

tory, petilOry,

Oc.

if they be not repugnant

e>eb o·

ther: Nay, though different fums

due tO one, upon

dillinél grounJa of debt, or eveo

dlffmnt debto",

tbe credilOr may infin againn themall io the fame fumo

moos.

32.

Defenees are picas offercd by a defender for e1i·

ding ao adioo. They are either dilatory, whiela do not

cnter into the eaufe itfelf, and fo can ooly procure an abo

(blúture from Ihe

/iJ

ptndfnJ:

Or peremptory, which·en·

tirely cut off the purCuer's right of adion. The firn, be·

cauCe they relate to the forms of proeeediog, mun be of·

fered

in /imini julicií,

'Rd all of Ihem at once. Bul

peremptory defenees may be proponed at any time before

fentenee.

33. A

eaufe, .frer the parties had litigmd jt before

Ihe judge. was

f.id

by the Romans to be litifeontelled.

By litifeonteflation a judicialeontrad is uoderllood to be

(ntered into by Ihe litigants, by ",hieh the adion is per

petuated Bgainfl heirs, even when it artfes

ddiflq.

Clur law, liti(eontenation i! not formed till an ad il

ex·

rradéd, admining the libel or d,fenees to proof.

Tit. 3"

Pr~bntion.

ALL allegation! by panie! toa fuit, mun be Cupporred

"by prop'" proof. Prolation is either

writing, by the

party's OIVn 0.3th, 'or by wito,lfts. In Ihe eafe of alle'

gado"" whieh may be proved hy either of the three

w'ys, a proof is (aid to be admittcd

proul

jUrt ;

be·

caufe in fueh eafe, all the kg:tl methods or probation

.are eomp<1ent to the

ran)' :

If the proof he bring! by

writing be 1.00e.

ma)' have reeourfecilh., 10 witndr. s

or to his adverfary's oadl : bUI , if he flwuld fi ,n t. ke

Ili01fd r to th. pronf by oat:"

he eannot thereaft" uCe

any olher prr bation. rorthe rcafoo arlir,ned

and, on

VOL . JI. Numb. G6.

949

the eonlrary, a

purfu~r,

wlto has brouJht a proof hy wit.

ndb , on an extrad.d :ta, is not allowed 10 rceur toth.!

oath of the 'defende r. Single eombat, as' ron of 'ppeal

Provider.ee

, lVas, byour ancient lalV, admittcd as evi·

denee, in mmers both civil and criminal. It Was after·

wards renrid,d to the cafe uf fueh capit,1crimes where

00 olher proof eould be had: fome traces of this blind

method of rrial remained even in the eign of

VI.

who, by t600.

12.

Oligbt au\horife duels On welghty

oeeaCaoo•.

1\.

obligadons or deeds figned by tbe party himfe/r,

or his anceilor! or autho", mutl be, of.1I e,idenee, the

leallliable to exeeption; therefore every debt or allega–

tion m.y be proved by proper evidenee in wriring. The

folemnities etremial tO probati.e deeds ltare been already

cxplained, Tit. xxi.

flq ·

Hooksoraecouutkept by

mercblots, mdefmen, and other dealers in bulinefs,

Ihough oOt fubfcribed, are probative againll h.IDl

ke¡ps them : and, in eafe of Jurnifhings by a fhop-keeper,

fueb books, if thq areregularly kept by bim, fupported

by the tenimony of a Cangle witnef6, aJTord a

/rtI'¡p/en~

p,oholiq

io his fa"our, whieh beeomes full evidenee

his own oalh

rupplernent. Notorial iollrumenlS and

exeeutions by melfeogers bear full evidence,

~hat

the fo.

Jemnitiea tberein fel forth \Vere ufed, oOt to be in.alida–

ted otberlVife than by a proof of falfehoO<!: but they do

oot prove any other extrinfie f.d, therein ..erred, agaioll

Ihird panies.

Regularly, no perCoo's right can be proved by hi&

own oath, nor taken a",ay by tb.t or hi, adverfary; be.

eaufe Ihefe are the bare averment6 of particl io Iheir owa

(avour. But, where lhe m2tter in Ilfue

referred by

one of tbe parties to the onth of the olher, {uch oatb,

Ihough made in favour of the deponen! himfelf, is deei–

five of Ihe poinl ; beeauCe Ihe referenee is avirtual eontralt

belween the litigants, by whieh lhey are underllood to

pUl the ilfue of the eaufe upon whal {hall be depofed :

And this eonmé! is fo nriéllyregarded, that the the par.

who refers to the aatb of the other eannot afterwards,

in a civil aélion, plead upon any deed ag,inn the party

depoCang, ineonCanent \Vith his oalll. , To obviate the

fnues that may be laid for perjury, he, to whofe oath of

verity, pOlnt il

rererr~d,

may refu fe tO depofe, till Iti.

,dverf3ry fwear thal he can briog no other evidenée iD

proof ofhis allegation.

A defender, though he eannot be eompelled to

[wear to fad, in a libel properly criminal; )'et may, io

trefp¡lfes where the eonduCaoo is liOlited to a 6ne, or to

damage!. In general, an oath o( parly eannoteither hun

or beneCat third parties; being,

them, '"

inl" a/iDI

alla.

n oath upon referenee, i, fometimcs qualified by

rpeeial limitations refiliéling it. The qual ties whiehare

admincd by the judge as pm of the oath, are eallcd in.

trinCae ; thofe whieh the judge rejelqsor leparates froOl the

oath, extrinfie. \Vhere the quality m,lkcs a pan o( the

alkg.tioll "hieh is relcvantly rcfcrt ed tO o,th, it is in.

trinlie. Tltus, beeJufe a merch,"t, flling for furn inlln.!

, fter the tllIee yem, mull, in ordlr

toOl.kc

. rell\".lncy,

olfa 10 prove hy the defender's oath, not only Ihe ddi.

very o( the gnods, but tbat the

il'e is tltll dce

thele–

[ore