1000000030

[CH EM1STR\'.

1'0 follow

180.]

A T ULE , Shl.'\'fillr: lhe

n:ó'nnc-t

in.

whicb nuural bDdics,

confidered

a chcmical

view,

1lI2y

dividcd into

cJalfcs:

' VitIl

thcÍI'

fcvcral CubdiviGons

lucir propertics dcfined;

ami

the

Jl1:mnf'r

in which

thcy

are

obtaincd, pointcd

out.

( V,." io11c.

{~~í~~·le. ~~bll~~~¡~~~c;:;~ ~~I~,lu~u~dsi~~::n~~~~.~~~~·; ~~~~haed~:~~e~1J;ri\~~";~efi~~r~7i~~~'~~i~\'~:~~'t~~a;\~;~e,f:lli~ ~I~ ~rol~,~i~~·,ha~~~~~~~nC~isdl~f~~~/ulpllur

by inf\;lOillmUun.

Nlf"~U/~

Alua{or!":

A \·...

lanlc

fhll~

rt.'ddd)¡

eolo~lr,

emll1m¡::

noYlo~s

fumes when in ils eOllecntraltd

ft.He

. Thc nex! acid in Itrtn&th to lht vitriolie. Oblaintu chitRy fr01l1 nitre.

~~~~iIlen;C~:;I~i~f' ~lf1"(Jt/('ioN~~;;t~J ~71¡\'f:·ob·:i~~';'~~ ::;~t~¡O~ ~~~:n~~!~'~~of~vo:~~~~tOlt~~~e;'i~: i~I~~;_j~

~Ot.lh

:il~:~~~{~rre:~b~~.ltd

from

¡~a-(ah.

f"'ru of viole1S rtd

cgclab!t. Ftrn/rnud.

T~rt,,,..

ory har:d lublbnee, dtpofittd

011

tht lides of vellels in which wine i$ fermtnlC'd.

álld Pformjng \"ith al:

{,,.,,.~gar.

By allol\

IIlg

:\11...

fttlllf'l1Iable

quor tO proeted in Ihe: fe:nnenlation tiJl

is pan Ihe vinous

1l::1t~.

All

theCe \'egetable aeids are

much

Idi;

eorroli\·e, ¡tlld k-fs powtrful

~~;'sneutral f~~s.

T ht

A~id

urinr.

Oblainerl by

...

~~~~;'i~gt~;~rn~~' ~,:~I~sf7~~ed~y

form ; .and much leCs known in arts than the former.

(SI'lr l r,

art ttofe

~ertnt

ah .c.

ytt Acld 01 an/Der.

Oblainerl fro'n aMber i.. a folid formo T his is likewife lillle kn0\9n in arlS.

wlrieh edn 6e no fur-

WiI

are

l·

Ac,d'¡·ad,.

Obfaintd from ¡he

anhr.al

from whieh il has iu nanle, by dinillalion, in a Ruid

fonn.

1.1[0

liule known.

theranaJizedbyche-

A~~d

bor(u.·~

(~¡/o~'~Jt

r?/r.

.obta;ntd frol.n boralf,

a (olid (btc aud Cealy_like fonn•

. miftry; alld

are

A.ld

or arr,nle.

Ob!arntd ITkewlfe from ademe.

!\YO lon s,

~Ji~

A:ld

o( anima/f.

Obtained

Irom

aH :mimat-fubrt:lrlces in dirtillalion.

SAl

rNf-..

111~C~

~~ ~¡o;·::~' ;~~':n,fr:~~

Fix'

"!f.d/JDú.

potajb•

~hva

...s oht.aint?

fro~

Ihe

aflle.~

of buml vegetablts.

dcliquefcent (alr.

are I

~l,:)le

wrth

aerd~

fonn neu-

{rlj,r,¿..

Co!td cr.vfiJllrr.e

(.~lt

lon,,.rnoes foun([ oalll'e, a. Ilre n¡¡lrum

Egvpt· and fomerilllt5 hy hurning

feil~werrl,

k.elf..

~!':~.

lap'I,", andonnl

,,,',' ",,' '"

dl'ld,5

1',""',.

T'.,

1, ob"ln'" I>om f,1 ,mm,nl". f,,,n ,h, lO" of """nlns bodl" .

ru.j

fl;m ,h,

putrtfa8.i,·e fermt·ulation. II is naLUt\ll1y in

foüd ítale.

,n"\I~lr."a l e.

1 hry

imo

are t;11Il"1'

(;')'IpnUNt',

eonfin- ~Nellrr~/

¡rl/rl.

Theft are ulways compcfed of an acid and an alkall; and RTe of nI.1ny di/ferelll "inds, .as may be fcen in Ihe following rablt.

ing

1\1'0 or more

111(fal!Jt

(J/tr

l are Ihofe whieh

ar~ f~TI~led

by an ae;d and a lIIt.'taJ. .Tlre principal of thde ore

virriol~;

lhe olhen may be feell UI Ihe following rabIe.

ehemrc"al tlemems.

EJrt

f/)'

(allJ.

COlnl'nkd of ah a..rd Jorncd to fOllle eanh.\'

bafi~!

allum anJ ID'pfunI.. See the folJowing tAbleo

Divided iruo

Elftlltl/JIIalt"

are obtaillrd from vcgetables j and contain an aeíd, joint!d wi,h

the jui~s

of the ¡,[ant in a panicular rnanller nOI to be imitattd

IHI.

Of this kind is

fU~iIf,

:1'311na, hone1, .and OIhtrs of Ihat fort.

. . r

bolh

l:;xpr'J{,d.

l'h~(e

are of a Ill'ild aud bland taJl:e, jnodorotls,

lI.ud

nor fo uble in alcohol. 'n l!':y are oblained by expretl:on; aJlI oil of olives, rapfeeJ, almonds,

&~.

Auimll-faIS .a~

of Ihe (ame

011

are duekllll

A' I

I h

""Hlre, as 15 alfo wax.

"TL"'I' l,\nu.5'

,ilcolIs

fluid~,

nOll

VHt~IIÚ

~ ~7 .

EJfi"tial,

:1re

alwan obraintd by difiilla,iol1,' and are potlHfed of the lafie and odor of lhe fubJl:ance {rom which Ihey 3re drJltn, and apc foluble in alcohol. Of rhi, kind are oil of eloves, fPike,

:;'~I,':;~ItJ~ 1;::'~~~I~lr~~ D~~i~~d ¡~\I;

waler.

tgr

o r,

d~d ~I'~

E",....

~~~níl~~~ ~~~'~~~a~:~e~~ ~;~;:~~:~~~::b'~~~;~:a!fkl:~~~~I~·nd

an: of an aerid lafie and butnl-like

R¡wour,

oil of hartllrorrr. T1rtfe art Coluhle in Cpirit

t'r

....

ine.

!1,~lI'lch'e~

if Ihey

FoJfilt•.

T he(.:

~re

found i!l Ilre <-anh in tho:ir

nati~e

Jl:ale;

:md

art eallcd, when rure.

/laplno¡

wi'rich is of an acrid lane, and .:xuemdy \olatilt; not milcible

wilh

alcohol.

great many jnllammable fullib cOlllain

are

fl'1.r:

'el 011

hl't•• [

Ihrs;

a~_ 1)\lumtn~.

pn-e031,

bc.

1):\·'Je,1 ir:lo

'll' R,

br¡",fltul(.

dr.\' {r¡atrle: (ubfiauc.., not 111iCcible ",¡III water. I1

found in ID3ny mineral Cubllanee!, mClal1ie orts,

& r:. '

bm it is for the I"ofi pan ob'ained from pyrites.

AU; .J IiOt.,

¡Jrrlelll f¡,irill,

Ruid of an luiJ

J.nd

\'olarile n:HUrt, mi(cible

\ViII!

waleT. Ob¡ained

Crom

fermented \·tgelable juices by diílillaliol1;

&~,

from ¡ht

juiet

of ¡he

grape,

ma!t.lit!l1oT<:, rice.

&r.

( Geld.

T he mnn

poncl~rous

and duélilt, and Ihe I"ofi fixed in Ihe

tirt,

of aU bodie!; of a yeUow colour.

J¡

is more cornmonly (ound in ils lIIe¡allic flalt ,hall ally other IIItlal. Tbere i, no proper ort of il: But il i5 found

in orts of filver ; and ahlYlrt

al]

(allds conlain fomt of

ir.

$i/'11,·r·. Jt Is o(

1hinill~

\\hite eu'"UI', and ne7.1 10Rold in weighr, mllJcabililY, and fixity.

SOlntlimr~

fouod in iNl llalive Jl:ate; more fr(quently in Ihal ofan ore. wilh fulphur, Cometill1ts arftnic; affumingditrtf'tnl

:r.p~olr'lner~.

Tl'r

L~a(l.

Of a dull bluilh rotolll'l excreJing Cofr, and cafily ma1Jt"ablf, and nelfl

tht forer,aiug luelals in weigln. Alll10íl nevtr fouud in its ",ctaUie: ¡Ione:; uhllUy in an ore with fulphur or i\rftnie,

hUI

reldon, wlI.h fulphuf

r·\;t

;,:e

alonc. T lle rrineip,d on.s of il are

d11:

tubie, c:rlJed

!."!enC7,

aud the glaOy talled

(p~rr.

a!~ ~'~

ea e.

Copptr.

l'eJdilh cOlour

hard and 10noro;.1s; a<tmits of beinA: ty.tendl'd grf'atly ullru:r Ihe hatnmer, eithcr hot or c"ld.

ji di:F.eulf of funon. This;$ g"ntral1.v found in Ihe llale of an OTe with Culphur.

T ITe

ore;

~jJ:l'ALLIC.

art

\'1

e ,mo

are or

t:'rc'rlt

lari.ct

}'. OInd e¡ctremdy beau¡jful; blue, red gretn l ydlow,

oc.

b"dic~

'l.".mt

.1TrJ

;

Tin.

A whilt fofl tnt'll\l, !hc liglltcJ1 of aH rhis

cln{~.

and

ver.... duétik. Tht ores of Ihis nletal are gellerallyarCcnical, and atrumca f.ryflallint appe:aranet. Tht coloU'r mon ufua!ly a dark hrttwn,

tlnd

fomctimts

\ try

beau !fu.L

(,]i,1

'<:)'

ur", lu"lll:

¡""II.

.r\

~re.-"-cl)l(J'ured

Mttal, cxtl'tlntly dultilt when hOI; the lighldl: metal exeepr tino

is rhe only

melallh.lt

a¿mi:s of being wclded, auJ 1l'llIpt red by cooling.

is fouml in almoJl: e ...ery boJ.v, an.t its ore' Ilre

rnJ:~

~,\!lj't

BOl"tS.~,

~~n~~~~,,:f;í ~;la;~U~:;

(

jl1~~c~:.I;~Y ~~r~~:~

op;lque melallic bod)'. Flui,l, eleept in a ...ery inlenCe degree of cold ¡ of gTea! gravil)', alld eafily "olatiHzed in htal. It i;

rom~Úllts

fuulld in ils Ruid formo bur ufually in a beautiful red orc \\ jlb

.o iu,ltre.l

rj'l:

ol'_1

r ''''n .lj·u·!..

¡¡ ·

not

fu!phur, cnlled c",,,olll" ·.

1fltl

(o¡::.\'j,l .....V.

. rfc1h\! with \' :ve:r •

Zi." .

A blui/h wltile fubll.lI1ee, of a fibrous ttX!lITt·, couliderably hard ancl fonomur,

~lId

has

(mal1 degrte of elu."ility;

~alily

fufed nlld volmilized. Lapis talaminaris h j!S principal ore.

~1r

,lk.;Je.l

Ilu"

IlIvr iUtl,IMIr

Ib¡!.

'i .

Allr•.I/I,{l'l"

:\.

¡'I:,rkilll. Cubfiance, of

librous netdlt_liL:,e t(,>:lUre¡ hanl

and

brin le, and eonfiderably heilvy; not clitlicuil of {ufiun, and talily eon ...erted iUlo glafs. Its ,mlr ore is with fulphur, whieh

Ihe oruclt aUlimon¡

eúlC¡tl1ollrll

ódJ!.t,l,

Ol.id

..": imu

Ss/.n-META;

:lre

Il.e

f!ICopr.

tot:.

I.:'ilde, anJ do JlUI

Bi,¡/II:/¡,

li!1.-:~l¡jfs.

A.whi'....

¡;ondtrou~,

hard 1 brillle, alld (onomus hod)', of a

)I~!ed

lexlurt!; eafllr fuf,d

~nd

,·itri.ñed. 1I is only

r~dr.:ced

10 an ?l'e byarfrnic. lis al'ptaranee mueh rhe famt as the

rer.IlIt1~.

Il:'c:dl

IIn.it

:r Ihe

1/'/mt~.

A llt'lrht fpnrklmg wluf"h-eololl1'cd fcmt-nretal: of a plattd le":l1tc, very 'l'Itde, and txtn'mely \ul¡rl¡j ....

Isgc:ntl':rlly found m

I~t

ortSni

~Ihe,'

metals.

.. .

•

haJlunel';

auJ

are,

N!ltin(l.

hite fenri_metal, reftmblillg lilnor in

ils

eolour: nrnrly of Ihe famc fpeciñe

p,ra...

ity und tixity \\ i¡" told, and relifiing Ihc leíl:s \\'lIldl ha\'c ulu<llly been npplttd fuI' thfeo\·tnng tht pumy

gold, furrofeo rrom

hence

I'r

rheJinirit

nf tite ;\lIeie1ll1:. f OUI1,1 in Ihe

\Vd!

¡ndies. Of ils orcs lI'e know nothing.

e"/olt.

A lo"¡¡'le C(mi-mclal; fl1lihle in a modtralc heal, and eafiJl c(\jwerted illlo atine blne-coloured gl1fs caJltd

fmelt.

Th¡~ i~ ahray~

ob!i1ined from an arlenieal

ort,

...hieh is lik!:wift ealled

rODa/t.

Mútd

reddilh

\\'

hi.Il.

;'~~~~;'~r~'o~rm~,~12 t~~¡~·~~ :P1nfi~:·fteb~~:il!iycoa:~~J~:~;~d~I~~,~(;~~~~~t IM:;~I~);~ tl~t~l~:d:fisa~·d ?~~lr no~;~~~. kill'¡~

of Jirre-llone \\hich ftduntluous to the touch art! ¡::entrally impregnated wjth

(COk"I'-¡~II'.

T hore¿

cldy; !hofe d;al fed ¡::r.iuy, nr whcre the.lil!Je is hard and

~eir.ht

..... eorllaill Cand.: T his is hen

:0:'

t,uil.'¡ing, fhe ?,her.for mll.nure:

. . . .

.. .

\ •

. T I

'lh.1I

. ;111

he eor11'eft-

C',a!.t

(of!, frrahl(", wh¡¡e fublt::nce. TI!!s

mueh freel'

any hc:teroge:ne:ous mrxlure: than

Jn¡lllne-ttuJ1~,

and 1$ cahJy c31cllled Inlo quzo.:k-llIlle. Thu 's prob..bly notlung clfe thJn

lune~fiulle

(;

~'~1R ~bl~

(b ..

'.t:

e:d il1lo c¡uiek-lime.

Illddenly e(lncrtlcd withour being cryfraUi...ed.

F ,'

;1~·I~l·

:til

::1'":

$rT_.

'lJ.lh

::r.!: lil;ewilc a (·akarioU3 e3r:h, and yicJd a vo:ry fine qllirk-lime. T heie

:m~

ufed in me:dicine.

...

111

AT{~

H' •.

Tr~d'!

" .1.

,el s,

~JlIlcrMji",

a/ú(I.

'vlrite earrh. ulu;¡lIv

fo~nd

o>mbined with Ihe vilrioJicacid, a:l.l rcr.lnillS: biuer rurgillR (alt.

is Irl:e·...·ICe ohta,nc(\ from the mOlher-lye ofnlrrt, Ihe. aflle5 of bll!'l1r

vl'ger:l¡'r~,

&-.

: .t'e

'~I", ~oJlrl:

1101 :

.wd ar!: t

r.he:

'. .

EJ;if¡ ,{

a//,jH/.

.0\

p.ll

'li(;illar kmd 01' 'abCorbent carlh, found in m3ny pbctlJ

1T1i~:cd

\l llh lulphureolls pVl'itt!q,

in Yorl..lhirc,

&r:.

C¡¡"y of any kind moly, b.... a pJI·tlcular proecls, b¡: ..cn\erlc.c

111:0

J"lul.r~

_In

wn'u;

l l"'~t

tl/kan tllf.

Ihis ta!"h.

:\~,tr, it~I~,~r~~':~I'h~

\'ST \ •. •

f\:

r or

Vitr1('r~'

T h..re are

E-lrt"

Imili/olr,

&...

This is obtaintd by Ihe caleination oí

animal-Iubfl:a\lct-~.

It can hJ.rdly

b.::

eonverred imo

gl.JC~

~l1d

i5 rherefort !leed as a balis tO whl!e elumds,

{:c.

~rt, n"l<~ ·I~ain

rc-

J:",r r "11 Illd:cfire '.'Ih

/l ..

1. ' ,1 .; . )' o f this I..;nd dre

(01•.1. flit:t, &c.

{ollnd rlenlifully every whert. V/ith a\kaline fubtl;:rnecs ther :Ire e;<.fily COUI·tr·td mIO g,a(s. and henee are termtd

'ZItfrl[CtI" ,

¡~mle:

rloeir f'ar:hy

,;~,ii~;h~ ~r~;

bUI

a~er

nO!

:~I~bk.:Ji~ ~~i~~.cl.

(

I'/'frioll' jlona

uf aJll..inds are likewile refen:ble lo ¡hilO claCs; bUl they are or a mueh grc:at<.'r

d('~;ree

of hardutti ?nd rranlrJTcncy :h.:Jn Iho: olllcn.

I r:,.rl",.

~1II

1111......,1.,11.1 .

\~c

~.".Cl (>I.'~.

T!tcf~ ,

1't-

.dil¡¡ni!Uill'e:d~c"n'~~OI/

, ll/V ;

is ...o¡:, m:my diffe:rtnt colours, hUI

~hiefl)"

rtd or

ydlo~v

or w!\ile.

!he

p,urdleb.':! is Ihat which bums whj¡e: in rhe f..rr.

~¡.,,\.

1)11

11.10:<1

(.y lIC\¡UI!tIlg a very

r!~roJ

rOlll,firncc

\I'''U~

!H~.{¡~ol

b. II'.

<llif':I\:III,r0ru .

~nly

a purtr kmd of eby ; fOlllel:tnes mtxed w!dl a hule:

Ir~1

or ot!rer

ma.utr~.

. . ;

.. :

i h 1

I\.tn

fOI'Oled r1:tu

r..

i:.:

\.UII

\;.I:\!,', ••

t.,l

e~1 ~'!el.

L.Jj

II,'F

"it;c&.'.

01' f!.:at u ..., dre mdurate:d clan, round in various parls. Th::re are at /irl· 1of., ilnd rr

:ld.ly

cfk;

"ut lit!'" tl!trrn'.t1y har.d m lle :\ r. .

~!any

olt.er

, arrcl.r~1

of 're c

eartl~5

m )':. f

10 .1 eon1Jtrólblc

~:e:gree

of heat; nOI íolu-

Illtnlioned; but tls tl:elc UU 1I0t diller in dleir chemical

rrop~rtiu

ro much as in their

t).l~mal

?e.lrar.cc

l and 6c,"g all n.l>:cd \\ Ith olle ¡¡nuILcr, the)" llore

F~(lI)Cr

y beJons to I le u.I.ura

\\'.\Tra.

:o cf'hlr. I b!e in

:!..

:J~.

lrinori,llI Ihan the 'i.hemin.

(

...

!Lts i"rl':d f.tlid weU )

SI·.

" 1r.

purc rr.;/:_ll·(!trr.

T his is nevtr

p~rfc(t1y

pure, bm nlwayo; eontaills a Cmall portion of

l1Iueil;lJ;inou~

maller, whieh ir

itnl?oliiole, e\'er tO

~el.p~1 re.~d.~

fCrlr:lled.

..h

I I

J .

I..no\\'lI.

[I"JINERAl,

are thofe: Cpring-walen imprC'gJ1:tle.d \\ilh

fulil1~

fu6r,,,mces; Ihe tii\erlity of which is cxeeeding gre:H; bUI lhey aU agree

.;r.

bal'mg 3\l a(;,J J0tlle<l w,¡h Ihe:m. T he moA common Corls art

lInpr~gnalCd

WII

u plur an

.'rt'n.

ELASTIC. This is a Cublile clame Ruid, every where (urroundillg this earrh, and formin'" our atmofphere ' and in lITis fiate m;lY loe conlidert!d as a menO:ruum for waltr and uthtr \'olatile bodies; bUI as

only fufpends

¡ttm,

"nhoUf aJtermg

6. AIR.

thtir qualilies, it calmOI propcl'ly, in tlris natt l be confidel'ed as:m obje8. of chemifuy.

•

••.•

1'1'

e ta'ul know ro \.le

F IXT.

l 'hi5 iS:J Ruid, fuppofed 10 be comtnon air) whieh is abforbed by

bodie~,

;lnd ¡here tixed; forming wilh Ihem a ¡me chtmieal mi>:t._

difr~ring

I.ts

I.'ropertres from

\~.hat

II was wlthOUI !I. 'J he bOl es

o e 'lrla I les \Vc e r t y

a!tertd b.... Ihis, arc alkalis

a.nd

q\lick-l.imcj :mJ

is cemonfu:.ui\'ely prdent in meta.t.'l; .'\nd it is probably owing 10 il thal Ihey reul1llhe¡r rr.etallic torlll¡ bUI txpenmenls ¡re yet wammg bere.