1000000030

This .01lf,Jwtion of rropof,lions, refpeélins the mln·

n~r

hieh the prcdicm is .lllironed of Ihe fubjcél, give\

rife Iv Ihe

divir.on

01'

Ih:m ioto

"ifo'ule

and

"nJit,..rnl.

/"folu le

pmpolitions are dIJf:,

whu~in

\Ve ,Ifirm (onl!

p,opwy infcpmble from the idel of the (ubje,q, and

which Ihmfore belonss tO it in all poffi ,le cafes; ,s,

e od

ÍJ

il/pnih'lj

<uift.

I'irlll: lendllo Ih, /llli/l/JI, hap.

pínif¡'¡ /l/JO.

BUl \Vhm Ihe predicm is nOI

ne~drJrily

conneéled wilh Ihe idea of Ihe (u"jd\, unlefs tlpon

fom~

conr.dcmion diOinél from Ihal ideJ, Ihm tl,c propofi,ion

is callcd

c'l/diliol/al.

. The reafon of Ihe name is taken

{rom theJuppor.tion annexeJ, IVhieh is of Ihe nature of a

condilio'n, and may be exprerred as (uch. Thus,

jlon,

ÍJ

<xpofod 1. lhe raJl

Ih, fun, il 1/1i/l conlraa

fom,

d'fru.¡ h(Ql.

ariv" r/lrJl in a val dtelining

fhann,

iu rapidilJ 'Wi/l cOfIj/dnlly inmafo.

The'e is not any Ihing of greater imponance in philo.

fophy, than adue amntion tO Ihis divifion of propoli,ions.

\Ve are careful oever 10 al"rm Ihings abfolulely, but

\Vhere Ihe ideas are infepmbly conjoined; anJ if In our

other judgmenls, we diflinélly mark the eondilions which

delermine the pre.dicate tO belong to lhe fubjeél,

\Ve

/hall be lhe leCs liable lO miUake in applying general

!rulhs tO lhe particulH conceros of human life.

o\Ving 10 the e¡¡aél obfen'ance of this rule, thal mathe·

matieiJns hare been

happy in their difcoveries, and

that what lhey demonOrate of magnitude in general, may

be applied \Vith eafe in all olvious oecurreftCCs.

The trulh is, panieulJr

propor.ti'

oos are Ihen koown

to be true, when \ve can trace lheir conneélion "ith uni·

verfals' and it is accordingly the sreat bufinefs of (cience,

to find 'out general truths, Ihal may be applied \Vilh fafe·

ty in all obvious inO,nees. No" Ihegreat aduntage a·

rifing from determining wilh care Ihe. eondilions

up~n

\Vhich one idea may be affirmed or dented of anolher, IS

this' Ihat thereby particular propofilions really beeome

úniv~rfal ,

m,l' he in'trodueed wilh eenainty inl ur rea·

{oning~,

and ferve

Oand, ros

eonouél.'.nd .'egulate

our judgments. To illunrate Ihls by a famdlar tnlfance.

If we f,y,

SO'M 1V,11a a{/J

v,,~

(orcibly;

t.hepro.pofitio.n

is particular: And as the

condtllo~s

,,:bl~h

dm fo\CI'

ble aélion depends, are not meouooed , It IS as yet un·

certain in "hal cafes it mal' be applied. Lel us then

(upply thefe condilions, and the propofition will run thus:

Wol" ronVtl,d in firfficienl quanlily, olong a j/"p

.lt·

ftml. n{/I val [orcrbly.

He.'e lVe

ha.ve

'o .univerfal

jodgment, inaflllllch as Ihe

pred1Cat~

forcrhl,

n{/,oll,

~ay

be a(cribed 10 all IUmr under Ihe mcumnances menuon·

ed. Nor is it leCs evident, that the propofilion in this

OCIV

form is of ea(y ,pplicalion ¡ and in faél "e find,

that mendo apply il, in inOanees IVhere Ihe forcible 'c·

tionof wateris requi red¡ as in coro· milis, and

m~)'

olhcr

works of art.

f/JIpl, and

cO"',~ourtll

prcpojilionJ.

H'T flHTO we have tremd of propofi,:ons,

"h~re

onll' llVO

ide~s

are eompared ,oge,he(. Thcfe are in Ihe

general called

jirrrpl,;

bccaufe having bUI one

f~l>jca

and

one predicale,

lh~l'.

are ,.he crreél of. a filOple¡udsmcnt,

Ihat ,rimils of no lubdiv,

r.on.

BtIt If feve,.1 rJeas offer

thlmfclves 10 our Ihouehtl 'lI1 once, whcrc:,y lI'e are

tO affirm Ihe fame

lhin~

of diff!rent ohje,qs, or di:Fmni

~hings

of lhe flmeobjeé!; Ihepropofilions

txprefr.n~

lhefe

JuJgm~nlS

Ue e,llIeo

co",po.lld:

b"aufe Iheym,y bc refol.

ved

1010

JS mIny olhm as lhere are fubj .éls or predicalU

in,he whole complex dcte.minltioo of theminJ. Thus:

eod

infil/ilely

'1JJifl,

."d inftnilely powtrl.l.

Here

there are t\Vo

pledicatcs,

inftnile wifdom, anJ

il1fillil(

POWtf,

bOlhafli rmeJ of ,he fallle fu bjeél ¡ and ,ceordingly,

lhepropofilionnlly be refo'ved into

I\VO

othen, alfin;ling

thefe pretlieatCs (el'mlly, in like manner in lhe propoli.

lion,

.,i/~" ~inCI

nor

pro/,I_

tlf,

ex(1npl l rom dca,h;

the predicate is denied of bOlh fubjeas , and may lherefore

be (eparmd from them, in diUin,'! propofilions, Nor is

it Idi evident, that if a complex judgment confins of

fevwl (ubjeéls and prediwcs, it may be refolved inlo

as many

fim~l~

propofilions as are lhe number of difb·

eot ideas compareJ logether.

Rich" and h'lI'u" are

01'11. (/01, Ih, ",ind, a.d incmy- rh! numler olollr

drjim.

In lhis judgment, Ihm are t\Vo fubjeas and

tlVO predieales, and il is al Ihe fame time apparent, lhat

jI may be refolved inlo four dimnél propofilions.

Rich,(

are

"PilO elal, Ih, mi..:!. Rich'l are

apl l~

increnfo Ihd

n!/lnber

.¡

our d'.fim.

And 'fb of honours.

•

Logicians have divided lhe(e compound propofiliooi

iOlo a great many di[mnt claffcs; but not IVilh a due

re~ard

to Iheir prop:r. delinilion. Thns,

condiliona/¡;

caufal" rdaliv/J,

&c. are menlioned as fo manydiOinét

fpeeies of lhis kinJ, though in faa Ihey are no more

than f\lt1ple propofitions. To gire an innance of a eOD–

dilional:

a¡Ion, iJ ,x/,ofod lo Ih, ra)'!

.¡

Ihe fun, il

1uill (onlrafl

fom,

d,C'"

h!al.

Here IVe have but one

(ubjdl and one predieale ¡ for the eOlnf'ex exprclfion,

j/om

,x,~ord

loIh, ra)'! ollh, fu "

eODf itutes the proper

fubjeél of this propofition, aod is no more than one de·

terminm idea. The (ame thing happens in

caufal~.

Rehoboam

'WflJ unhappy b<cau[,

h, fo/l.·wcd

,vil cOllnfol•

T hcre is here an appearanee of I'YO propofitions, arifing

from Ihe comp,lexilY of Iheexpreffion ; bllt IVhen \Ve come

to eonfider Ihe malter more nearll', it is evident, Ihat IVe

have bUI a fingll (ul,jra and predicm.

Th, p,r'fiúl

.¡

,vil

".lIft·'

6rollghl lIIiflry u,lon

Reho~oam.

is nOI

enough Iherefore, tO render apropufilioneompound, that

lhe fubjea and predicm are complex notions, requiring

fometimes a "hole fenlence loexprefs ¡hem: For iDthis

cafe, the companfoDis Oill confined 10 t\Vo ideas, and

connilutes IVhat we cal! a fimple judgment. BtIt IVhere

Ihere are feve ral fuoj ei'ls, or pred,:ales, or bOlh, as lhe

allirmalion or negalion may

alike extenoed lO

lh~m

, 11, lhe propor.tionexprelfrng flleh a judgment, is trllly a

colleélion of as many fimple ones as there are di/Tmnt

ideas compared. Confining ourfelves Iherefore to this

more Ori,q and juO nOliooof eOltlpound

propor.lion~,

they

ar~

all reducible 10 IIVO kinds,

viz.

CC/,III,lIiv:J

and

diJju"flirru.

co,lll/dliv,

propufil'on is, whne ,he (ubjtal , nd

predir.;¡cs

(o linkrd

loselh~r.

Ihat

"'"Y

rml'

all

(everally allirmed or Jenied

o~e

anolh~r.

lhis n.·

ture are Ihe exalOples of eOltlpound propofitions ginn a·

bove.

Ridl(/

.lId

hOllo"" flrt a/,I lo

,l.",.

Ih,

I/Ii/l.l,

tllr./

illcrfl'fi'

,Ae

l1i1mh(r

our

"pro ,

ll·itA,.,.

fiJ~~J

I/;r

! (D!'I, are aWI!'1frO'll d,"l/h .

ID Ihe firH of Ih<:fc, the

tWO