1000000031

s e u

S E A

SCRUTrNY.• (lria ex.minltion of .ny lh ing.

SCULI'TURE, .n

3rt

by " h,ch. in ..king

'\v'Y,

. d·

diog

lO mallt r,

alJ fa ns of ligures .He formcd

the;.

h.wd

( il!JeT in Ihe

nonc,

\Voacl . wa'<, or m.:ral.

lis fu I!

hitirude it fignifi es both lhe art

\Vorking in

crCUK,

pro·

perly callcd cngraving : :lnd of

worklng

rt.li

~voJ

wlllch

mM~

Ur iétly c.tlled fculprure .

The

61n

\Yorks in

fcu.plure

were with

clay,

oot ooly

mak.ng

!tatues, but in forming modds . and

tlus

dAy

a fculptOr ncver underrakes

<loy

thing conliderable,

without forming a modcl, either in

clAy

or wax. [n ma·

king fi gures of

Iher~

materials, [hey begin and

~n¡nl

rheir

,""olk

\Virh their haods, u(¡ng ooly [h ,ee or

fOUT

pieces

of "Dad, which are roundifh ar one cod , and ar Ihe o·

ther fiat, with a fon of claws

and

teeth, whicli are

rmooth and fcrarch the \York. For

WaK!!"

models, to e·

ye,y pound of \Vax add half a pound colnphooy. fome

add turpenline, and melt

together with oi l

olives ;

more or

lefs

of the laner beiDg ufed

they would

have

lhe maner harcler or fofter: (ome alfo add

httle vermi·

lion,

ro give

colour: this

wrou:ht ami moulded

Wilh ,he fingers Iokc el ay.

For fculptu re in wood, which

\Ve

properly ca1l carving,

the fir(l lhing required i, to chufe wood proper for

lh~

work ,he fc"lpror

'o perform

it b< any lhong large,

.nd ,ha< requires a grea, deal of t!renglh and folidilY,

the hardeíl and mofl durable wood is ' o be chofen; and

for fmaller works and ornamenlS, the foCter wood is ufed;

bUl it mufl be fu ch. however, as is fi rm and clore: (or a

large work, 'hough i, be only a fingle figure, i, is belter

to make ufe of feveral pieces of wood, or bits of board,

~Iut"d

together, than of one whole piece, which is more

liable ' o crack: for a lhick piece of wood may no' be

dried

rhe heart, however

may appear

0 8

the out(jde.

In fculplure in marble . nd o,her Ilone, lhe firfl lhing

\"0

be done is tO faw out

block of marble,

the bigoefs

bf the work to be performed; and this bei ng done, the

luperRuilies are ' o be taken off hy a flubbed poin, and a

he2vy

mallet; thus bringing it oear lhe meafures rcquí–

red. lhe fculpcor reduces it

Hill

nearer with a fi ner tool,

caJled a dog's tooth, ir having twO poin,s . but

one

oot

fo th. rp as lhe olher. Afler ,his he makes ufe ofhi, grao

dioe, which is a

fLa

curting tool. with three reeth; he

then takes off, with

(moot h chlffeJ, the rcratch:.:s the

gradine,left on Ihe marble, and ures it with dexleril y and

ddicacy, to give fortocfs and fcn dernefs ro his figu re¡ till

leng'h , taking "fp' of d,fferen, degrecs of "nenefs,

'the work is grad u. lly rend<red

fi,

for polithing. T o

po~ith

1he work, lhe fculplor ufes punl" 'e none and fl11Jlt; then

goes

over ir with tripoli

and whcn he wou ld gi ve ir

more luOre. ruhs it \Virh le·uher and ltraw a{hes. Thcre

are fenr;tl other tools

~fed

fcuJplors , adcl.pted

the

diffcrenr pans

lhe work. anrl Ihe n,Hure of lhe none

they m..

ufe oro

As ,he model,

eI. y thrink as lhey

grow dry. wlteneve, Lulptors underrake

confiderabJe

pi,ce of work. ,hey only ufe ,he model fo, m.k,ng

moultJ

of pld.iíler or nu.:co, in whi,· h is ror."ed

fi gure

of Ihe f2mc malter which fervc:! rhC'm thcnceforth

(01

model, ..tod by which they :'Iojufi .dl Iheir m<afurl's and

proporlions T o procl!l"cI Ihe more

rC'f,u!drly,

lhe

he:l.d of rhe moct,..1 Iht·y pbcc an

, mmovt:~blt:

(irele di

vided into

dt~crce'i,

wlth ..

11H/V,:~bJ¡.

rule

index , fix–

cd in

lhe cenlr<

lhe cirelc, .3d d,\'iJ<d aHo in,o

e·

qual pan" from lh, end of ,he rule han¡¡, a line wilh a

pIUlll!llCI, wluch lervcs to take all the poines, tO be tranr·

fern:d

tlH

nce (o rhe

bJo~ k

of marble, from whofe

IOp

h ..

ngs another plummet, likf'

th,l[

of the model. But

(here are lome I!xce:llt:nt fcuJptors , who dlfa pproTe of chis

mctlhJd; urglng, that the Im;tlleH motlon

lhe mode!

char'Re..s Ihetr Illt!afu res, (or

h...:h fl'afon tht'Y chufe

f"a·

th er

t;tke ;tI! thdr mcafm es

Wllh lhe;

comp.tffes.

SCUM , propal y deno« , lhe inlpurillts which

Ioquor,

boiJlOg. c<ln, up

l O

Ihe furface.

The «rm

jcu1I/

is alfo ufed for wh.t i. more properly

called lhe fcoria of metals,

SCURVY, in medicine . See

MED, eN<,

,06.

SCURVY

C RASS.

in botany. See

COCHLEARI A .

SCU rELLAR1A, in bOlany, • genu,

01'

,he didynami. ·

gY '1lnofpermla·

cl.J.fs

. The caliK is entile on Ihe edge,

is fllu t after. the flowerillg. an\.1 operculaltd l "'he fpeeles

are

13,

two of

l~tIm

natives of Brnaio,

dz .

Ihe gaJeri.

culata. or hooded willow.herb; and the "linor. or- Ic:ífe,.

hoorlrd wdlow·he,b.

SCUTIFORME o'. in ana,omy, the fame \Vi,h ro,ula.

See

AN A·r O., y.

'Ss:

S CUTlrOI\MIS CA RT1LAG O, in

anatomy. the {ame with

lhe 'h yroid carti lagt:. Set:

A NA.T O MY,

p. 300.

SCUTTLES, in a Olip, (quare hol s Co.l

lhe deck, big

enol1gh

Ir::t ¡ntthe body of aman, lerving

let peopk

dowo

into

any

room below upoo occafion, or

[rom

one

deck to anot l'cr.

SCYTHrA. The nOrlhern parrs of Europe .nd AGa "'ere

anciently

called) which afterwards obtained the name

of T . rtary.

SEA. i, freqllendy ufed for ,h., van Ir.a of water<ncom.

paffing rhe whole eanh ;

l.HIt

more propedya pJrt or di.

vifion

thefe waters, and;s belter defined a

letra

a(fem·

bldge or

W3k r,

which lieth bc:-fore and w:\(hclh (he

COan!

of fome parti..::uJar countries (rom whcnc, it is gencrally

denominatcd, as the l nlh fe3. the Mediterrantan fea, the

Ara~i.n

fea.

6c.

preponion the fupt"Tficies of the fea bears

that

of ,he

I.nd

is no' precifely known, lhough il is

f.id

fomewh;tt Olor.: than two lhirds . As rhe water! of lhe

ei\rlh mufl necelT,Hdy rife

the {urf",ce rhereoe, -as being

(peci6ciilly ligh ter thdn lhe eanh , ir ""as necdfary tht:re

lhould be l.trge cavities therein for reCeptAch-s to cUl1tain

them¡ orherwife they would have o\'erfpread 311 the fll–

perficies of lhe

eflrth,

and fo have Tt'nd( red it utterl)

un–

inlubitable fur terre:! rial anlm<lls , for Ihe ceolre of the:

euth being lhe common ceotreof gravi y. alld (he n:tlure'

of RU'ds "l<ing fuch lha' lh, y <qu, lIy yield

.qual

powers, and the po\Ver of attr;ttlloR being e"ery wherc

eq\líll at equAI diflances rrom the cf'ntre.

H (0110\10'5,

that

lhe fupcrticial p:tns of

th~'

\Vota \Vdl every whC:le con–

form

themfclv~s

equldind.nt

(¡!U,l tion rronl Ihe

~n·

tre, and confl''lu..:otly \\·.11 t'orm the fur(;¡ce

of a

frhl"re

fd.r as

they

eXlf

Ho;flce, that the

fca

leems

h,~~her

th;¡n thl' t'lrf h

Lmd. refults

(' 001

rile

(¡JlflC.Y

0(,11100,

whC:ft'by

,111

11hj.·~h

dll

Ihe

p.:u

of htnd

.-s \\

'3S

ka,

Ihe ftlnhel

dH~y

,11 ('

(\(1'

from

u~ .

tlh'

IlIgh~r

rhey

"'Pf"'-aT ;

the

rt"ar~,"

ot all WhH::h ;s pl;:¡in

frnm

('Jltll~:

for

;s wd l

knowr,. Iha1 thr

d¿nrcr

lO)'

medium' ls Ihroul!h

\\h\~h

\Ve

hc:h(lld

objt' ...

9:$,

lhe

l!rt·.lt~1

th~ rdr.4~·nn.

or Ihe

more thelr

iOldJ.!l·~

,;PP"M .Ihove rhe..

hOTlZ<" "H ~ 1

I,..vt"l: .tl ro

,he &r<.'er qU.nli,y of lhe mLU,UIlt lhe "ys

p.I'

lhro"Ah ,

lhe