1000000030

11 A

(' 61

CHAPTER, in eecleGaflieal pnlity, a f<leiety Or eom–

munity of clagymcn bclonginz to the eatheJrals and

eoJlegiate ehurehes.

IV", in the eighth eentury that the body of canons

bcgan to be eaJlcd a ehapter. T he ehapter of the ea–

nons of a

eat~edral

IVere a flanding eouneil to the bi–

OlOp, and, duringIhe vaeaney of thefee, had the

j~ri(diaion of the dloeefe. In the earlter .ges, the b"

Ihop lVas head of the ehapter ; aftcrwards abbots anJ

other dignitaries, as deans, provofls, treafu rers,

&c.

W\;re preferrcJ to this diflina ion. The deans and

chaptcrs h.d the privilege of chuGng the biOlOpS in

England; but Henry

Ylll.

got this power veflcd in

the erOIVn: and as the fame prinee expelled the monk,

from Ihe eathedrals, and plaeed feeular canoos in their

room, thofe he thus regulated were ealled deans and

ehapters uf the oelV foundation; fueh are Canterbury,

W,nehefler, Ely, CarliOe,

6c.

CHAPTER, in matters of literature, a diviGon in a book

for ketping the fuhj ca treated of more clear and di–

flina .

CIIAR.A, in botany, a genus of the cryptogamia algre

da(s. The ealix eonlins of t\Vo leaves; the anlherre

are globular and Icllil, ; there are time !Hgmata, and

one round feed The fpeeies .are four, lhree of whieh

are nHives of Britain,

viz.

the tomentofa, or brittle

ehara ; the vulgaris, or eommon ehara; the hifpida,

or r.ugh ehar.; and Ihe flexi lis, or fmooth ehara.

CJlAR.ABO:~ ,

a fea-pon town on the nonlw n eoafl of

the iOand of Java, in the Indian oeean, Gtuated

130

miles eafl o( llmvia;

long.

108°,

fou th lal.

6'.

CHARACTER, in a general fenfe, denoles any mar

whatever, fcrving to reprefent either things or ideas :

thus IClters are eharaa ers, types, or marks of eenain

founds; IVords, of iJeas,

&c.

Literal eharaacrs may be dil'ided, with refpea to

the nations among whom they have becn invented, in–

to Greek eharaéters, Roman eharaaers, HebreIV eha–

raaers,

6c.

The Latin eharaaer nolV ufed through

all Europe lVas formed fromthe Greek, as Ihe Greck

IVas fromlhe Phrenician; and the Phrenieian, as IVell

as the Chaldee, Syriae, and Arabie eharaaers, IVere

formed from the anciem Htbrew, whieh fubfti!ed lill

Ihe Ih bylonilh eaptivilY; for, afler thal event, lhe

eharaaer of lhe A{fyrians, whieh is lhe fquare He–

brew nolV in ufe, prevailed, Ihe aneient being only

found on fome Hebrew medals, eommonly called Sa–

maritan medals.

was in

109!

lhal the GOlhie eha–

"am,

invenled by Ulfilas, \Vere abolilhed, and Ihe

Latin ones el\ablilhed in their room.

Medallills obferve, that the Greek eharaaer, con–

Gning only of majufeule

Imm,

has preferved its uni–

formity on all

med.ls

, as 10IV as Ihe time of Gdllienus ;

fromthal time il appears fome\Vh"t weaker and round–

er: from lhe time of Conllanline

Miehael IVe find

only Latin chatallers; and after Miehael the Greek

eharaaers reenmmenee; bUl from that lime they be–

~in

tu a1ter IVilh the language, IVhieh was a mixture

uf Greek and Lalin. Thc Latin medals preferve both

Ih.ir

eh.raaer and language as low as lile tranOalioo

of the feal oc. the empi re lO Conflantinople: towards

VOL.II

. No. 32,

II A

the lime of

D~eítls

thc eharaacr he.;an to lofe i,s

rotl ndnefs and beattty; fome timc afl"', it rctrieved ,

and fubGned tulmbly lill lhe time of Jullin, when il

degenerated gradually into lhe Gothic. The rounder ,

lhen, and better formed a eha"aer is upon a

me~al,

lhe fairer pretenee il has lO antiquity.

CHARA CTER is alfo ufed, in feveral of Ihe ,rts, for a

fymbol, eontriveU for lhe more coneife ano immediatt

eonveyanee of the knowledge of lhings. For lla

C ~A~ACTERS

.ftd in algebra,

fce p.

79,80.

CHARA CTER S

,ifeJ

in aJlrollOm),

viz.

Of lhe planets. See plate

XXXIX.

Of the Ggns. See plale

XXXIX.

Of the afpeas.

ó or S Conjunétion

f:J.

Trine

SS Se...ifexlile

.13'1

Biquintile

Sexlile

Ve Q::ineunIC

Q..

Q::intile

OppoGtion

Quanile

bI.

Dragon's head

Td ir.edeeile

'IJ

Dragcn's lail

Of lime.

A. M.

ante meridio",

before lhe fun comes upon

tbe meridiano

n~on.

,.¡¡

"uridiem,

",hen lhe fun is pal\ the me–

ridian.

CHARACTER!

in co1llmer".

dil/.,

the fame

N°

nTl1IUro,

or num ..

ber

folia,

or page

ffi

hundree!

weighl, or

112

puunds

q" quarlers

S or

Ihillings

p O

rdlO}

fil '

Y ,

o,.

vero

orl.

pOtlnds fierling

¡c,

P",

by,

ann.

by lhe

yea~,

cent.

rixdollar

D' ducat

S. ponfcript,

ec.

penee or deniers

ti;

pound weigh!.

CHARACTERS

in chelllij/r).

See CHEMISTRY.

CHARACTERS

in gtolllclr) .nJ trigollollle'r).

the ehmaer of

equiangulr, or (i-

parallelifm

milar

!J.

triangle

equilaleral

fqu are

Rn angle

rellanele

righl angle

eirde

..1.

p«pendleular

denotes a degree; thus

45'

implies

cler,rees.

a minute; thus, 5

°f

is 50 minutes.

,111,

"",

de..

note feconds, lhirds, and founhs: and the

f.me

eha.

raaers are ufed where lhe progrellions are by let\S as

il is here by fixlies.

CHARA CTERS

~rafJJmllr,

() parenthe(,s

erotehet

. hyphen

, aponrophe

, emphaGs or aeecet

, breve

.. dialyfis

• carel and cirenmfle"

rhtt"ic, p.etn,

&e.

SS. T. D. doaor in

divioil~

Y. D. M.

minifler

of lhe word of

God

LL. D. doaor ofla!Vs

V. D. doaor of ci–

vil and canon I, w

" quotllioe