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H A T 773 .) n A T
and , one part aCter anolher, firll with lhe
h.lod, aod aClcl'wards Wilh a fm.1I wooden roller,
l,kin8 care lO dip it from lime 10 lime, till al lenglh,
~y lhus fulling and lhiekening il four or five hour¡. it
is brought lO rhe dimenfioos in tended. lo lhis violeot
labour, lhe workmcn ufually lheir hands Wilh
thick lealher, which lhey call gloves. The hal lhus
wrough! i~IO lhe (orm o( a conical cap, is rcduced ia·
to proper Olape on a block of lhe fize o( lhe intended
erOIVn, by lying it round Wilh a IIring, called a como
nunder; after which, Wilh a beol iron, call.:d a
lIamper, lhey graduall1 beat down lhe commaoder aH
round, liH il has reached lbe bOllom of lhe block,
~nd whal remains al lhe bOllom below lheIIring (orms
lhe briOl. In this nalion il is [et lO dry, and after·
wards finged, by holdiog il over lhe blaze of a 6re,
made of IIraw, or fhavings: il is then rubbed Wilh
pumice·lIooe. lO take off lhe coarfer nap;' lheo rubbcd
om Wilh feal O<in, 10 lay lhe cap lIill 6ner; .nd.
lallly, cardtd \Vith a fioe card, lO raife lhe fioe COllOO,
wilh ",hieh lhe hal is lO appear when ftnifhed: lhen
fitling il to the block, lhey , CUl round lhe edges,
and deliver it lO lhe dym. (See DYIHG.) The
dye being completed, lhe Ita! is dried by beiog hung
in lhe roof o( a Ilove healed Wilh a charcoal·6re; and,
when dry, il is lIiffened Wilh melled glue, or ralher
gum.feoega, wbich is fmeared over lhe hat \Vilb a
brufh, and rubbed io with lhe hand. Theo, hviog
fpread a c101h over lhe lIcaming bafon, whieh is
a liltle fire.place rai[ed about three feel high. Wilh an
iron plale laid over il, exaélly covering lhe fire, tbe
hal is laid uoon lhe c101h, Wilb lhe briOl downwards,
the c101h beiog 6rll fpriokled Wilh waler, lO raife a
IIrong lIeam. lO (orce io lhe Iliffeniog. When il is
moderalely hOl, the workman gently on lhe
brim, Wilh lhe Bat o( his hand, to make !he joinings
incorporate and bind fo a, not to appear, turning it
(rom time to 'lime, and at larl fetting it on lhe erown.
And when it has beeo fufficiently lIeamed aod dried, it
is put agaio on the block, brufhed, ironed, weH fmoolh.
ed, and ntted (or lining.
Ha!! make aconfiderable article in eommeree: Eng·
land fupplies Spaio, Portugal, ¡laly, and Germany,
with eXlraordinary quantilies of lhem; and as our ma·
nuf.ilurers have the rtputationof making the befl ha"
in Europe, their importalion il prohibiltd.
HA'TS are alfo m~de (or womens wear, of ehips, IIraw,.
or cane, by platting, and fewing lhe plats logether;
beginoiog Wilh th~ cenlre of lhe crolVn, aod wor~iog
round liH lhe whole is finifhed. HalS (or the fame
purpofe are alfo wove and made of horCe·hair, filk, 6e.
HATCHEL, or HITCHH , a 1001"ilh which and
hemp are eombed inlo fine hairs. It eonfills of long
iron pins, or leelh, regularly (et in a piece of board.
HATCHES, in a fhip, a kind o( trap.doors belween !he
main·mall and (ore· mafl, through whieh all gooJs uf
bulk are lel do~ n inlo lhe hold.
HA 'TCH WAY, Ihe place where lhe hatche, are. Thus,
lO lay a thinR in Ihe halch way, is tO put il fo, tlm
lhe halche, C.noOl be come al, or opened.
liATCHING, lhe maluraling fccund~led eggs, whelller
V OL. JI. No. 59. 2
by lhe ineubalion and IVaronh of lhe pareot·bird, or
by artificial heal, fo as to produee young chickens
alive.
The art o( halelting chickens by means o( oven, hal
long been pra{tiCed in Egypl; bUl il is there ooly
known 10 the inhabilaots o( a finglc villase named
Berme, lhoCe lha! live at a fmaJl dillance (rom
jt. Towards lhe beginning of autllmn lhey fcalter
thcmCelves all over lhe coumry, where e¡eh perfon a.
moog them is ready to undcrtake lhe management of
an oven, eaeh of whieh is of a diflúent file, bUI in
general lhey are capable o( conlaiuing (rom (ony 10
(our(core thoufand eggs. The numbcr of lbefe ooens
plaeed up and down lhe country is about lhree hundred
and eighly.fix, and lhey ufualiy keep lhem working
(or about fix monlhs: as lhere(ore each brood ukes
up in an oven, as under a heh, ooly ·one day.,
il is ea(y in every one of Ihem lO haleh eighl dilferent
broods of chickens. E.cry l3ermC3n is IInder .
ligation of ddiveriog to lhe per(on who inlru(l, him
Wilh an oven, only two thirds of as many chiekens as
there have be,n eggs pUl under his eare ; and he is a
gainer by lhis bargajn, as more lhan lWO thirds o( the
eggs ufualiy produce chickens. Jn order to make ~
ealeulation of the number of chic~ens yearly fo hatclted
in Eg.yPl, it has been fuppofed, lhal only two thirds
o( the eggs are halehed,' and that eaeh brood confifls
of al lean thirty lhouCand ebickens; and thus it would
appear, that lbe ovens of Egypt give Ji(e yearly to at
leall ninely·two millioni lilt hundred and forty thou.
rand of thefe animals.
This ufe(ul and advantageous method of hatching
eggs has becn Ia!ely diCcovcred iD France, by the iD–
genious Mr Reaumur, who, by a number of experi.
meOlS, has redueed lbe art 10 certain principies. He
found by experienee that the heat (or Ihis
purpn[e is nmly the fame Wilh thal marked ;2 on his
thermometer, or thal marked 96 on Farenheil's. This
degree of hea! is nearly thal o( the fkin o( lhe hen,
ando whal is remark.able, of the fkio of all other do·
mellic (owls, and probably uf all olher kinds of birds,
The degree of heal whieh briogs abnut the develope.
hlenl of tire cygnel, the goning, and lhe turkey·pout,
is the fame aS' thal which filS for hatching the cahary.
(ongfler, ando in all probability, lhe fmallell humming
bird: lhe ditrerence is only in the time during whieh
lhis hw oUBht to be communicaled lO lhe eggs o( die.
(mnl birds: il IVill bring the eanary bird tO perfeélioD
io eleven or t\Velve days, while lhe lurkcy·pout will
require IWenty feven or twenly.eight.
A(ler many cxperiments, Mr Reaumur fOllnd Ihat
(love! healcd by means of a baker's oven, fuceceded
bmer Ihan thoCc nI.lde hot by layers of dung : and lite
(urnoces of gl~fs houfes, and thofe o( lhe mehers of
melals, bymeans of pipcs, toconvey' hcal inlo a room,
mighl, no doubt, be ",ade to anfwel' lhe fame purpoCc.
As tO lhe (01'01 of lhe noves, no greal nicely is re.
quircd; a chaml'er over an oven wili do very weJl;
nOlhinr. more wiJl be necdr, ..y bllt 10 aCcerrain Ihe de.
gree of hr"" whieh m. ybe done by nlcllinga lump of
uUller, of lite file of a w,lnut, \Vilh half as much lal.
t 8 1 101V,