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G Y M , 66 G Y 1\1
GUNTtR'S SCHE, caBed by navig.tors fimply Ihe ~u n­
ter, is a b rge [eal~, y tlVO f00t long, .nd
about an ineh aoc! a half b, oad, with artificial lines Je·
lineated on it, of great ufe io [olving quen,ons in tri·
gonon¡etry, navigation, &c.
GUN·WALE, or GUNNEL, is the uppermon wale of
a fllip, or that piece of timuer which rcaches on either
lide from the quarter·dcek to the fo recame. being the
uppermoll bend whieh fini(hes the upper works of the
hull, in that par! io whie" are put the {[. oehioos whieh
fupport the waUc ·lr"es.
GURIEL, a fuudivifiono[ Georgi. in Afia, fituated on
the eallern coan of the Euxine [ea.
GURK, a city o[ Carinthia, io Germany: E. long. 14",
N. lat. 47· 20'.
GURNARD, in iehthyology. See TRIGLA.
GUSSET, in herald,y, is formed bya lioedrawn from
the dexter or finiller ehief points, and falJi ng d~wn
perpendicularly tO the extreme ba[e. See PlateXCVI I.
Dg. 8.
The gu{[et is an abatement of honour, denotiog ao
.fI'emioate perfon.
GUSTROW, a towo of Germany. in the dutehy of
Meckleoburg : E. loog. 12° IS', N. lal. 54·.
GUTS . See ANATOM Y, p. 2S7.
GUTSKROW, a city of Germany in the cirele of Up.
per Saxony, and provinee of Swedifh Pomerania: E.
long. 13° 40" N. lat. 54°.
GUTTJE, in architeélure, are oroaments in the form of
little eones, ufed in Ihe plafood of the Doriccorniehe,
or 00 Ihe arehilrave uodernealh the triglyphs, repre·
feotiog a fort of drops or bells. See c·
TUREo
GurTA SERENA, a di[eafe in whieh the patienl, without
any apparent fault io the eye, il entirely deprived of
(,ghl. See MEDI CINE .
GUTTERS, in arehitellure, a kind of eanah in the
roofs of houfes, ferving to reeeive and carry off the
rain .
GUTTURAL, a term applied tO letters or founds pro·
nounced or formed as it were in the throat.
GUTTY, in heraldry, a term ufed when any thiog i!
eharged or fprinkled with drop!. In blazoning, the
colour of the drops is to be named ; as, guny of fable,
of gules, &c.
GUY, io a fllip, is an)' rope ufed for keeping off thinga
{rom bearing or falling againll the (hip's fide when
Ihey are hoiOing in.
That rope whieh at one end is made faOlo tbe fore·
mafl, and f~ized to a fingle block at the pendant of the
~arn~t, is ealJed the guy of the garnet.
GUZE,S, in heraldry, roundles of a f3nguine or murry
colour. 1'he[e, from their bloody hue, are by fome
[uppofed to reprefcnt wounds.
GYMNASIARCH. in antiquity, the direllor of the
gymnafi um. He haJ twOd~puties under him; th~ne
caJled xyJlarrh, wilo prefided over the .thletz , and
had th.e overfight of the wrcllling ; the other gymna–
Oes, who had the d'rcllion of all the other exereifcs.
GYMNASlUM, in Greeian 30liquity, a fitted for
ptrforming excreifLs.
Gymnafi. , . eeorJing toPotter, were firfl ufed atLa.
erolrmon, bu t were aftcrwards verycommon in .11 the
pdft~ oí Greeee, anJ Imitaled, very mueh.ugmeoted,
and IInproved at Rome. They were not fingle ed,fiees,
but a knot of uurld,ngs united, being fo eapaeious as
to holJ manythoufands of people al once; and having
room cnough for philofophe,s, rhetorieians, and the
profc{[ors of aJl other feicnees, to read their lellures ¡
and wreOlers, daneers, and aJl othas whowould, to ex–
ercife at the [.me time wilhoOl the leaJl dillurbanee or
inlerruption. They confincd of a great many pan!,
Ihe chicf of which were, the portieos, e1zolhefium,
pab:flra , &c.
Ath~ns had feveral gymnafia, of whieh the Iyeeum,
aearlemra, and eynofurges, were thofe of mofl nOle.
The Iyeeum\v,s fitU.ted on the banks of the ,iver
Jli{[us, and reeeived its name fromApollo, to whon¡ it
w,s dedieated.
T he Iyeeum was the place where Arinode laughl
philofophy, walking there eve,y day till the hour of
anoinung; whenee he and his foJlowers got the oame
of peripatetics.
The ae.demy was parl of the ceramicu! without
the city, where Plato lellured. See ACAD f MY.
GYMNASTl CS, Ih~ art of performing the [everal bOl
d,ly exercifts, as wreJlling, ruoning, feoeing, dan·
eing, &c.
GYMNOPYRUS, il\ na/Ural hiflory, a name given by
Dr HilJ to the pyritre of a Gmple ioternal llrullute,
and not eo,ered with a erufl.
Of thefe there are only tWO fpeeies: . 1. 't\ green
variouOy fuaped kiod.· 2. A bwyoide kiod.
The firfl fpecies is the mofl eommonof all lhe pyri .
IZ, and appears under a gre. t diverfi ty of fhapes. lt
is very hard and hea'y, very readily gim 6re with
fleel, but will oot at all ferotent IVilhaquafonis. The
feeond fpeclt s is very elegant and beautiful, and it!
ufual eolour is a very agreeable pale g'een; bUI what
moO diOinguifhes it from aJl other pyrilZ is,
fu rfaee is al lVays beatifolly elevaled ,otO tubercles of
va,ious fizes, refembliog a e1ufler of grapes.
GYMNOSOPHISTS, a fell of philofophers who do·
thed themftlm no fmher than modcOy required.
There was fome of thefe f.ges io Afri,a; but the mofl
eelebrated e1ao of themwas in India. The African
gymno[ophifls dwelt upona mountainin Ethiopia, near
the Nile, without the aeeommod, tion either of houfe
or eeJl. They d·d not formthemfdves into foeieties
like thofe of India, but ea,h had his pr vate retire–
ment, where he Oudied and performed h,s devotions
by himfelf. If anyperfon had kiJled another byebance,
he applied to thefe fages for ahfolution, and [ubmimd
ro whatever penaneesthey enjoined. Theyob[er¡-ed an
extraordinary frug_lity, and hved only upoo Ihe fruits
of the ea'th Luean afcribcs to lide gYlIlnofophifls
feveral oew difeo"er¡es in allrooomy.
As to ,he Indi. n gymnofophiOs, tbey dlVelt in thc
wood!, where they hred upon Ihe wild proJu,qs of
the earth, anJ nel'cr dr¡nk IVine, nor mtrrieJ. Some
of them ,fcd phyfic, and trarclkd f,om one pldCe
to anolher: th& w~re parti.:ulJrly f.mous for their
J(otedies