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GEL
nj'S ¡~ Iht membraoe of lhe gillsj the body is earioa–
"d; and there Me fome dillinél prieiJes befor. the
back·fio. There ~re elevea fpceies, dülinguilhed by
Ihe n.mber uf ¡>Tickles 0.0 tbe baeL
GASTRIC, io general, fomelhing ~o the /lo·
macho
GASTROCNEMIUS, iD allatomy. See A~AT01'4Y,
p. 209.
GASTROCNBIIV' i, alfo lhe ·~arne of ODe of tbeextro·
for-mufele, of tbe foot.
GASTROMANCY, a melhod {lf di.iRatioo by water,
praélifed by tbe ancient Greeks.
CASTRORAPHY, iQ furgery, lhe operatioo of few.
ing upwouods of Ihe abdomen See SURGHY.
GATE, in .architeélure. See AR-rH I'CF.CTURS, p. 316.
GATION, a¡'orollgu·town uf Surry, fixtcen miles foulh
of London, which fends two members ·to parliament.
GAVEREN, or W!V·ERE N, a towo of the Aulhian
Nelherlands, rrtuated on the eaR baol oi !he river
Scheld: E.long. 3'° 3s"', N. lat. 51 0.
G.lUGE-POINT of a rolid mealilTe, the diameter of
.a cirde whofe area is equal to !he foltd cooten! of
the jame me,furoe.
G.aUGER, a king's officer, who is appointed 10 exa·
mine atl luns, pipes, hogfbeads, and bar~els of wioe,
bm, ale, oil. honey, &c. aod give them a mark of
allowaoce, before theyare f(lld In _ay wilhilllhe
ext<tlt of his oflice.
G~UGING. See GEOME'I'R'f.
GAUNT'BELLIED, in Ihe menage, is faid of a borfe
whofe bdly Ibrinks up towards hi, llanks.
GAWSE, or GAWZE, io commer~e, ·a very Oight, !hio,
open kind of I¡uff, made of hllt, and fom~time. of
thread; tber.e are alfo figured gaw·zes, and fOlDe witb
gold or Jilver fiower·s ~n a.filk ground.
GAZELLA, in zoology. See .CAPlA.
GAZEITE, a news'paper, or prioted account ·of ¡he
tranfaaion6 of aJl the couotde, io .the knowo world, in
a loofe !heet, or half·lhm. Thi, name is with us
confined to that paper of news publtfhed by authority.
The word is derived from gaz</la, a Veoetian coin,
which was !he ufual priee of the firll news·papers
printed there, and which was afterwards gi~en to Ibe
paper ilrelf.
GELATINOUS, in pharmacy and medicine, llny thiog
approaching lO the glutioous conGRence of a gelatina
or jelly. See JELu.
GE.LDERLAND, comprebeodiog Zutpheo, ;, a pro·
VlOce of the United Nerherlaods, bouoded by lhe
Zuider-fea aod Overylrel 00 the north, by Wefiphalia
on the ,all, by Brabaot 00 the foutb, and by the pro–
vince of Utrecht on the welL
GELDING, the operalioo of callrating aoy aoimal.
GELDERS, a city of Gelderlaod, fitu.tedtwenty-three
miles fQuth of Nimeguen: E..Iong. 6° S', and N. IIIt_
pO 35'.
GELENHAUSEN, ao imperial city o( Germany, ¡¡O–
ve.rned by its owo maglllrat"; it is, fituated nlOe
uules oorth of Hanau: E. long. So 50, and N. lat.
¡0° t S'.
Vo~.ll. No. 54. ~
G E N
GEM, io natnra' hillory, a common name rO! .11 pré
cious 1I00es; of wJ¡ich t!Wr are N'O e1.lres, tile pcllu'
cid ,nd femi-pdlucid.
The bodies compo1ing ihe claf, of pellucid gems are
'bright, e1egant, Uldheaatiful fcflils., n¿¡urally and ef.
lenrially coropouod, cm found iD dttached
rna/fes, e"tremely ~ard¡ pellucld, aod of great luOre ;
compofed of avery firm aOO pire matte" ",ithnut any
admixture of mthy fubllance, giving 6fe withoot !teel,
oOt fermenting witJ¡ ~cid meDluuum., and very difij·
culdy calcioahle in the 6re.
The bodiea compafing the eI.f. of femi-pellud<l
gems are, flooes naturally aod eJj'entially compound;
nOI ioRalllmable oor foloble in water, found io detacb.
ed malfes, and compofed of 'cryllallioe malter, deba·
red by mth: bowew, they are but Oightly debafedt
and are nf great beauty aDd :brightnefs, of a moderate
degree of .tranfparencJ, aod are .ufually founcl i.c fmall
malft"s.
GEMARA, io Jewilh antiquity, a clJlleélioo of deeifionl
and determinations On th~ ¡¡w, wriHea after Ihe Mifna
wa, completed.
It was ealled g<mara, or p,,/<f1ion, becaufe jt w¡s
coofidcred asfo perfell ao eKplicatioo of rhe I&w, tha!
after it 00 furlher addltions could be made, or aoy
thi~g more defired. 1t i, otherwifc caUed the talmud.
See TAL MUD.
GEMBLOU RS, a 10WO of the Aullrian Nctherlands,
io rhe province of Brabant, fituated{ln theTi\'cr OrDe,
ten miles oorth-well of Namur.: E. loog. 4° 30', anrl
N. lat. soo 30'.
GEMELtUS, in ao:rtomy. See AU1'()MY, p_205.
GEMINI, theTwlN', .io aJlroooJUY, ODe ofthe twdvc
figns of the zodlac, the !bir~ in order, begioniog witll
aries. See ASTROWOMT.
GEMMA, iD natw·al hillory. See GEN.
GEMUND, a towo ofGermany, io the circle ofWéll·
'ehalia, and dukedom of Juliers, fituated on tbe ·,iver
Roer: E.long. 6° t·S', and N.lat. ¡0° 34'–
GENUWD, a towo ofGermany, in the circle of Swabia,
aod couoty·of RecbJberg, Gtuated on the river Rema:
E.loog. 9° I,!i', and N. Ial. 48° 4S'.
GEMUND, a IOWO of.Germany, in tbe cirde-of .fraoco·
nia, fituated 00 tbe river Maine: E. ·Ioog. 9° 45',
and N.lat. ¡eo S'.
GENDARMES, or GENi O'ARME." in the .Fmchar.
mies, a denorninalion .given to a felo8: body of borfe,
00 accouot of their fuC(eedÍflg !he ancieot g~ndarmes,
who we,e thus called from their being completely
~Iothed in armour.
The king', body·guard$, the light horfe of the
royal boufe, aod the mufqueteers, are .at ¡>Tefent re·
puted tO belong tO ·the gendarmerie.
10e grand gendarmes are a troop compo(ed ofabollt
2S0 geotlemen, who guard the lt,ing', perfoD. The
king himfelf i, their ~aptaÍll, .00 one of the prime
pms !beir ~aplain·lieutenant, who ha.suoder him twO
lieutenanu, three enfigns. three gUldons, ""d othrr
oflicers. There are, b~fides !befe, gendarmC1l of the
queeo, the dauphio, &,..
t :; F GENDER.