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briJgr. Ir 's likew,fc cut [omc miles lhe hills,
\\ hcle the Duh\:('(lalmin.t:s are \\'I{HI" l(.
Thour,h a ulI'igable COIIlI\111Uif',Ilioll'¡u\\'cen the ri"crs
FOIth an,1CI)'Ik 111 Scotlalld ha,II,~"n Inng t.'¡ke,1 uf, it
\Vas Ih..\'¡;r cOlliidt.:J'l'd wilh a \'II':W 10 cx.crlllion lill tlit!
ye.,r t76 1, \\'h"n the grollnd IOa$ Curveyed by ~I r SllIe.,·
Ion, at Ihe (kfilc 01' the lru!lees [or lilhcrics anu IU.lIIU·
J:¡/lures in Seotl.U\d . Frolll ~Jr SllIcaton's f",vcy and
HpOl'l, lhc prallieaSility of lhis canal was [ully Jemon·
tlrated. Hllt, after lhc ["heme became an objc/l (l ge·
Ilm l attenlion.- it was found lhat a eanal of larga di·
'!I,nfions lhan lhe one originJlly propol~'d IVollld be pro·
(Mlivc of flill grealer adv.mages 10 lhe nalion. Mr
SllIealon was llle:efore dire/led 10 Ina!:e a [eeond (urvey,
;nd 10 repon to the intendcd propl iClOrs all e!limale of
lhe expence of llIaking a canal 24 feel broad al bOllOm,
54 at top, containing leven feet ueep of \Vat<r, aocl ex·
I€nding Crom the Fonh 10 the Clyde, a dilbnee of abollt
31 miles, ",ilh a collateral branell to the IOlVn of GI.,[·
go'.!', IVhich is abom /ix miles, allll another from Eains·
jurJ 10 the ,iver Carre'n "doIV Carron'lVorks, making
in all abulll ; 7 miles. T his repon \Vas arpro>ed of, an
a:l of p.lrliamcllt was obtaincJ, and lhe is nolV ellt·
tlllg UP(IO lhis very plan. lt begins at the lJolemmie
in lhe mouth of Ihe Carron, and termin.les al ]).UII·
muir·burn·Coot on the river Clyde, about [el en miles be·
JOlV ClaCgolV . Abol'e /eren miles ue already cut, flOm
Ihe Ilolrnterrie wrllll"ard; • number o[ hands are hke·
wife em~loy,:d al the point 01' panition in DolI. ter.bng,
and Ih. lVh~le is expelled 10 be finifhed in fi"e yeus. At
Ihe point of ion, \lhieh is 168 feel above the ¡e,·tI of
Ihe [ea al 10lV water•• \"ery large re[ervoir is tO be
for [upplying lhe canal; and lhe I"cnCls >re to
Le raifed and lowered by means of 41 loeks. Where
lhe eourfe of lhe canal is inter[eéled by burns or ri·
lers, it is to be earricd over lhem by aqueJu l·bridges ;
three of Ihe[e bridges IVi ll be IJrge, .ud r['quire eun·
lidmble I.bour and expenee, vi:. one ol"er Ihe Crange·
burn, one o\'.r Hony.mill.burn, and a tlurd over Ihe
KeI,in in the Clargow branch. The expenee o[ exeeu·
ling Ihe whole is eomputed tO be about 15°,000 L
Sea·vclfds, about'20 [cel \Vide and 60 feel long, .nd
carrying 70 or 80 tons, may pa[s aloog by Ihis canal
{rom the one frith 10 lhe utller. lJut it will admit •
free palfage 10 velrels of 140 IOns, provideJ thcy Le
Luilt in lhe maoner o[ Ille R.l velfds u[eu by Ihe DOleh.
T he loll.duty, allowed by the aél of parliament, is Ilot
to exceed 2d. a tOn fa mile. Pri, ilegcd guods, [ueh
"S lime and lime·flone, are tO pay only one third of the
u[ual toll·dulY; flones, gravcl, and olher malcrials for
rnaking or repairing roads, likewiCe dun~, [uil, marle,
and all Cons of manure, are exempted from paying any
101l·dUlY, provided Ihey do not p~[s any loek bUl when
t!le IValer fha ll fiow over the place made [or ui[eharging
¡he overplus·waler in the eJnaL
\Ve mul! nOI condude this aniele wilhout obferving, lhat
in Irdand alCo the ulililyofartificial navigaliunshas oot becn
cnatlended 10. Sel'eralcanals are there mólking; in panicu·
hr, one [rom Loch· each tO Newry, aboul 20 miles; and
~oolh~r [((!!l the river Sbaonon to Dublio, about 70 miles.
18 e A N
CANAL , in anatomy, a du/l or ¡hrough whieh
any of lhe juiees HolV.
CANARlES, ifiands, tOthe number of [even, fituated
in Ihe AtI.lIllic oeean, between 12° 21' W. long. and
Lelween 27° anu 29° N. lat. lile mol! e~lIerly uf
Illem Iying abom 150 miles fromCape Non, on Ihe
coan of J;dctlulgcrid, in Arriea.
CANARr, properly [oeall,d, is a confiderable inand,
about 1¡O mil,s in circum[~renee; Ihe ehicf tOlVn of
whieh is Palma, from ",hene< comes the exeellent
palm.fack, and other rieh \Vines.
Ir lies in 16° W. long. and between 27° aod 29·
N.
CANARy·bird. See F~ I NG I L L A.
CANCALE, a [mail IOwn of Franee, near St Malo'. ,
\l here nlips m.y riue in eitiht f.lhoms waler, wnh a
f:ullly bOllOOI.
CANCELI ER, in [.lconry, is \Vhen a light.brolVn
halVk, in her Oooping, lurns lWO or thrce limts ul'0n
lhe \Ving, 10 reeo,'er herfelf, be[ore file [cizes.
CIINCELLI , a lerm u[etl 10 denote lattice·\\ inclow$,
Or lhoCe made Ilf cro[s·bars, diCpo[ed lattice.wife; it
is alCo u[ed fo r rails 01' ballultm, inelofiog lhe como
munioo·table, a coun of juOice, aod the like, and for
Ihe net·work illlhe inlide of hollow bones.
CANCER, or CRA ti, in zoology, a geous o[ inreéls be·
longing lOlhe orda of ill[eéla aptera. The generic
chm/lers ar~: Thn hm eigh t legs, (leJdom
len or fix), hefides the IIVO large elalVs whieh anCIVer
lhe purpole of hands. T hey have two eyes at a eOIl–
/idcrable dillance from eaeh other, anel [or the mol!
pan [upPol led hya kind of peduneuli or fo~t·llalks ;
Ihe eyes are like\Vife elongaled aOO moveable. Thry
have I\VO ela,,,e.! palpi; and the lail is joinled. There
are no le[s than 87 [pecics o[ canw , difiinr.uifilCd
prioeipally by the length of lheir tails and Ihe margills
of Iheir breafls. l'his genus ineludes ¡he lobller,
. /hrimp, &c.
CASCER, in medicine, ;\ roundith; unequal, hard, and
li\·id lumour, generally [e'ated in Ihe flandulous e,arts
o[ lhe body, [lIppo[ed to be [o ealled, beeaufe it ap'
pem al lenglh, \Vith turgid I'eins filooting out [rom
it, [o as tO rcftmble, as it is lhoughl, Ihe figure of a
erab·ífh ; or, asothm [ay, becaufe, like Ihal fin"
\Vhere it has once got, it is [wee pollible to dri\'e it
alVay. See ~I ED I C I NE, and SURGEkY.
CA NCER, in aOronomy, one o[ the t\Velve figns of the
zodiac, re"r.[emed on Ihe globe in Ihe [olfn of a e"b,
anu Ihus Oiarke,l (S) in books.
7rol,i<"'¡ CANCER, ill al!ronomy, a Iclfer cirele of the
[phere paralld 10 the eqllalor, an~ paning through lhe
heginning of the fi gn cancer.
CANCHEIUZANTE, or CANCIIERIZATO, in the
mufie, a term fignif)"ing a piece of llIufic that
begins al lhe end, beiog Ihe rctrogr,¡de motioo from
Ihe end of a [ong, cre. tO Ihe beginning.
CAND.~ROI~, the capital of a lwilory of Ihe [ame
n,lIl1e, [ubjcél tu Perlia: E. long. 6¡o, aod N. I.t.
33"·
CANDL'\, the modern oame of Cme, ao iDand fituated
io