1000000031

bung hc\le, w:H

ccnJ.:nfc

the air

containcd

lhe

barre!:

for,

nOtwithH"ndjng this

prdfure,

none of the air can

erc~pc

th rouoh

lhe Upp\! f

hale,

becaure

is kt pt in

él

greater

prdrort: ag,ünH the onlice of lhe Ic:::nhern pipe which hangs

below ,he boltom of,h<b. rrcl, anu eonfel¡ucr.lly, b ing deeper

in the w.uer,

f"lhins

gret\terprdlurc

than

whal

aas

againll

the

IOWt

r bung. hde ,

lhe

barre! is Jet

down

in this

manoer,

ttll

Ceu'hdllw the hell, ano

lhen d1cendorthe

Icolthero

pipe

lifted

i".o the bell; th( lo",cr bung.hole ...ill Ihen be

more pr(;'{r::d Ihan lhe orificeoflhepipe;

ttnd thererore

theair

contalned in lhe barre!

wilJ

be driven up

throueh

lile pipe,

and will be r«ei\'ed into the bell. And bee.ufe the barrel

is deeper

lhe

w..

ter than

th~

bell ¡s, Ihe water will prefs

more ag:;¡inlllhe

bare

of lhe barre! tO force Ihe airout of it

than il doe••g.inO Ihe bafe of Ihe udl : for whieh reafon

·t he air

\Viii

f\101 out of (he! h;¡,rrcl

with

force enough to drive

ou, any water whieh h.d rifeo into ,he bdl whlll! it was

defeending .

the Carne contrivance, frelh air is brought down to

the bell as often a!f. there is occalion for

it.

The air,

whieh .I,.s been heated by (r<quently bre.thing it, is 1« OUt

through a lIop·cork in the top

01'

,he bell , and rifes in bub·

bies to the furface of the water, whila frefh air is received

{rom

.the IC:Hhern pipe 'of

barrel cODlrived iD (he manner

al.eady d<feribed.

fJu_ffary J or

th_

LI FE

AN I MAL'.

ALL

common ¡ir

impregnated with " certain kiod o(

'UitliJjingbiril

or quality, which

nececr"ry to condone the

Jives of ?nimils: and

thi~,

in a gallon of air, is rufficlcnt

for one ruan during the {pace of a minute, and not much

longor.

This fpirit in .ir i. dellroyed by polling Iprough Ihe lung.

of aoim:.ls; and hence it is. that 3n anImal dies foon, after

bc.ing pUl under a vc{[el which admits no frefh air to come to

it . This fpi!'i t is al(o

the air whicb is

water

for 601

die wh o: n they are excluded from frelh ai r, as in" pond that

clofeJy (rozen over, And the Iiule eggs ó(infeéls lIopped

up in a gl.,f., do no' produce their you ng. though allilled by

.. kindly

wa.

mth. The feeds alfo o( pl.n" mixed wilh good

taTlh , and íoc1ofed in

glAfs, will not grow .

This enlivening quality in air is alfodellroyed by Ihe .ir',

palTtJlg <hrough fire; partieularl y eh.reo.1 fo re, or ,he Hame

o( ful rhllr. Henee fmokinc ehimneys mull be very unwhole'·

fome, efpeei.lly i( ,he rooms Ihey are in be fm all and clofe.

See

SMO K E.

Air is al(o vitiated, by remainiog c10fcJy pent up in

any

p)2CC

for a

con~dcrable

time; or perhaps, by bcing mixed

with malignant fieams and partic1e, flowi ng from the neigh_

l-ouring bodícs; or lanly, by the cot ruption ef the vivi(ying

fpirit , as

in ..

he holds of Ihips. in oil.cinerns . or wine-cellars.

which ha\'e been OlUt up for a confidcrable time. T he ",ir

any of them is fomclimes fa much vitiated, as to be im–

me¿ioue death to any animal that comes into it.

!tir

th~t

has

10H

its

vivifying fpirit is caJled

d,J111p,

not

oDly hecaufc it is f,Jled wiih humid or moiH vapours. bUI he–

c:oufe it

dcaden~

úre, t!xtinguirhes

R;¡me,

and deClroys lifl! .

T he dreadeu l

<ir.

él

of damp. are fullieiently known

fueh

GiS

work

mines.

The illmo(phere is 1he ('ommon receptacle of all Ihe

cmu·

vi~

va~ours

arifing from ctifferent bodies: of tbe Itcallls

and (m Ikc of things bur", or melted; the

fo~s

or vapcurs

Fr?cf..<.:ui,'g frem damp watC'ry rlaccsj and of CffillVlíl

(10m

e s.

Culphu reous, nitrotls, acid, :md a'k,ílline hodies . In nlort,

whate'f'er may be calJed volaulc Tlfes

air to gr,atcr

or I«.:fs heiglHs, "ccorrling

10 I1S

rpl l.lfic gr.lvity

When ,he effil1VJ3 whu.:h :Hife (rom acid ;¡,nd alkaline

bo–

dies mCtt e,lch other

the air

t!Jere

will

Urong con.

fl,a

f~rl1lcntdtion

bt t'...

·ecn them; ""lllCh wiJl fomcum!1

be fo gre.H, as tO

prochlc~

a fi le thcn ir thecJAuvia be

Como

~uft¡ble,

the lire

w III

run froOl

IIn~.!

pan to ílootber,

juCl

;¡lS

lhe inOamm,¡bJe Olilner

h~ppt:ns

t O

Ile.

Any

one

may

be cOIl\'inced or Ihis', by mixíng ?n acid

and an alkaline fluid togel.her, as the fprrit o( nitre and

orl of cloves ; upon the doirg of which, a fudden (erment,

with a fine fl.tme, will arife; and If lhe ingredienu be very

pure and Uron&, thore wi ll be a fudd , n explofion.

Whoever

con(jd~rs

the efFctls of fermentation, C;tnnot be

al a lofs

~ccount

for Ihe dreadful eff,8s of

fhund~r

and

ligAt"úng;

(fee E

L E

c·r

C I T

y:)

F~r

th«muvia o( fulphu.

reous and

OIU OUi

boules,

and

others that may rife into the

atmofphere,

will

ferment ·

wlth

each other, and cake 6re

Vtry

of.en

of themfelve.; lometimes by the alliUanee of the

Cun's heaL

If .he inflammable matter be thin and lighl, it will rife

to the uppcr part of the atmofphere, where' it wilJ flarh with·

out d01ng any harm; but if it be de!lfe, it wilJ lie ncaree

the fUI tace of the

eanh,

where taking I1re, it wiII explode

with a fllrprifiog force; and by its heat rarefy and dnve

a–

Wíly

the air,

kilI

m!!n and canle, fplit trees,

walls,

rock.,

Oc.

and be accompanied with terrible cJaps of thunder.

Tbe heat o( ligbtening appean

be quile difFerent from

that

other fires'j for it has been knowo to run t.hrough

wood, le:uher. cloth,

f:Jc .

without burting them, while

has brokon and rnelted iron. lIeel, Colver, gold, and olher

hard bodles. T hus

hAS

melted or bllrnt afunder

fword,

without hurting the fcabhard; aod money in a man's pochtl

withowt

hurlin~

bis cloaths: the rearon of this feems to be,

that the partides of the I1re ;\fe (o fine,

p;¡rS through

fof, loofe bodies \Vilhou l di/fol,ing Ihem; whilll they fpend

thei r wbole rorce upon the hard ones.

¡ ,

is remarkable. thal knives and {orks whieh have bee.

Hruck with liglueoing ha\'e a very flrong magnetical virtue

for (evera) years afrer.

Mueh of the fame kiod with lighlening, are Ihofe e"plo.

uons, called

fu /mil/afing

jir~_dampl,

which

fometim~s

h;¡ ppen in mines; and are occ,,(ioned by fulphureous and

01·

trous. or r:uher oleaginous particles, riíing from the mine,

and

mixing with the air, where they will uke 6re

the

ligh.. whicl\ Ihe workmen are obliged to make ufe

0(.

The

flre beino ki ndled

will

run from one part of the mine to a–

nOlher, like

tfilin

gu npowder, a,.the cOl,Tlbullible mU–

ter happens

lie. And :ts Ihe elani city of the air is ¡ncrea.–

fed by heat, tha< in .he OIine will conlequently fwell very

much, and fa, for want of room, will e'xplode with a gre-alcr

or lefs degree

force. according

the denCity of the com–

buflible vapours .

is fomet imes fo Chong as to . blow up

the minr; and ?t other limes fa weak, that when

has ta–

ken lire

Ihe

lI..

mc of? candle, il is eafily blown

OUI.

Ai r that will t¡ ke fire al Ihe llame of a cdlldle may be

producculhus. H,iving exhaurled? receiver of

t~e

air·pump,

lel lhe air run into il Ihrough Ihe Aame of the 011

tu~pen·

tinc:

th~n

reOl')Ve tite cover of lhe receiver: and holdlOg a

candle

that ;Iir, it

\ViII

t.\ke fire, and burn qu:cker or

ílow–

er,

ac;;urdin ~

tu the

d.:n(iIY

of lhe oleaginoui vJ pour.

\Vhen fueh

COmbl\lliblc

mattcr, as is

aboYe·m:nl~oned,

kindles