1000000029

than lhof. which were incolcate" by lhe otd aeademy

of Socratcs and PLno, and rhe rceptic.t1 notiol1s whic.:h

werc prapagd.tcJ

rcd;¡a~1

C.trnc;Hks, ano rhe

0 -

ther difciplcs

rhe fllc.cccJing

academlcs .

ACADEMY,

in anliquity, a

ganlt!n or \!illa,

ratllated

wilhin a l11iJe oi"

Athens, where

PI~to

and his fullow·

crs

hc.ld

thcir philofophical confcrenccs.

totlk its

name from one Academus, or

E CaUénlUS,

acitizen of

Athens.

who

\Vas

(he

original owner of

¡t,

ana

nlJde

a kind of

gymnar.um!

he li\'ed

iry

rhe time of The·

feus. Ciman embellifhed ir with

founlains,

trc::cs,

alld watks ; bot Sylla, during lhe fiege of Alhens,

cmployed thcfe very trces in making baltcring-engincs

againlt (he city. Cícero

tOO

had his villa, or place

of rc[irement, ocu

Puzzuoli,

which he

alfo narncd an

academy, where he eompofed his

.I1cadelllica/ que–

fliolll,

ana his

book

noll'rc

d~oruw

.ACAD EM Y,

among the moderns, is mofi eommonly ufed

'o Ggnify a foeitty of learned men, ellabliOled lor ,he

improvement of any

:\rt

or fcience. Charlemagne was

the'6rll ,hal dfablifhed an aeademy in Europe. Moll

nacions have. Gnce followed his example; but h aJy

has by far the greatell nomber. In lhe ciues of

Pie:dmont, Ferrara, and

Mitan,

Ju ckíus reckons

550.

We have bUl few in Britain. ID Engtand thofe of

note are, the Royal Soeiety, the Antiquarian Society,

Society for lhe c:ncouragerne:nt of 'ans, and the Aca–

demy of Painling; in -Seotland, the EdiDborgh So–

cety, Colle!'.e Df

Phyfiei.ns

, .Dd Mofieat Soeiety;

aIJ

whieh fee in their proper plaees.

The French have {everal acadcmics

as, the Royal

Academy of SeieDees, for the improvement of phy–

iics, mathematics, and chemillry.

\Vas

6rll inni–

loted in 1666, by the artillanee of Mr Colber<,

compt roller-generaJ of the 6nances, but was not con–

finned by <he Freneh kiDg till <he year 1696, who,

by a regulation dated the 26th of January, new-mo–

delted and put il on a beller footing. Aeeording

this regul:u ion, lhe ac:tdemy was tO be compofed of

ten

~lonoqry

acadcmicians, eight

I1ran~rs

aflocií\tcs,

twenty penlionaries fellows, twenty eleves or fcho)ars ,

u d twelve P'rench

afTocia~s ;

thefe were to be divi':

ded ioto

(ix

claffes,

viz .

geometricians, aflronomers,

mechanics, 'anatomiOs, chemiCb, and botanins ; the

honorary academiHs to

be al1

inhabitams of Francc,

the

penGonaries and eleves... all to refide at París.

In the year 1716, lhe duke of Orlean" <hen re–

zeot,

madc

an alteration in rheir coofiitltuon, aug–

menting

tbe

number of honoraries and alfociates to

twelve, aumitting regulars among fuch acrociates, fup–

prerting lbe ciaf, of eteves, .nd efbblifhing in lieu

thereof a new ciaf, of twelve .djo",'!. to the fix

feve–

~al

kinds of fcience cult.ivated by the academy ; aod,

1000Iy, appoiming a vice. preGdent,

be chofen yearly

the king out of the honorary members, and a

di–

reétor and {

ub-direét.or

out of

(he

penfionaries.

The aeademies of FJorence and Bologne, of Mont–

pdier and Bourdeaux, of Leipfie and Herlin, and of

late lhofe of Pelerfbo rg and SevilJe, were fonned up–

on <he fame model wiili ilie Roy.J Aeademy of Sci–

t Dces.

Frfnch

AtAD 'M V, a focielY of for<y, ellablifhed' for

improvin~

the French languagc.

T his ac:tucmy \Vas foundcd by Cardin11 Richlieu,

.n~

eOnftrp,ed by ,he edíél

01'

Lewis XIII. in t"¡¡ .

T hcy have compill!d a dié\;onary, intitled,

Le DJc–

(iol/aire. de / 'acaJem¡e Frltnc'Jifo.

" his

work wa,

beglln in 1637,

.hrl

fi lliOled in 16?4. They have a

direétor and chancellor, \Vho are drawn

lot every

three months, and a fccrerary who is perpetua!. They

mcct al the: old Louvre, on the I"londays, Thurfdays,

and S:uurdays,

all

the year round, and hold an ex–

traorJinary meeting at the reception of a new mcm–

be:r, and on St Lcwis's

d..

when the pl'

iz.es

of do..

quen« and poetry are adj udged.

Ro)al

A CADE M

P aill/ill.f Qlid Seu/piure.

T his

fo–

eielYwas founded abollt <he ye", 1648. T he mem–

bers were at

firfl

about twenty-five in numbf:r,

Di'!.

twelve officers, called

allcimJJ,

eleven private mem–

bers, and t\Yo fyndies; bU[ at prcfent

conGHs of

fony painters and fculptors. T herc are four perpe–

tua! redors, nominated by the king ;

direétor

and

chancellor; a fecretary, \Vho keeps Ihe regifier, and

counterfigns the difpatches ; a treafurer, twel\'e pro–

fe/Tors, adjunéls

the

reélors and profeflors,

fix

counfellors, a profclTor for (he pan of anatOmy that

belongs lO painting and feulp,"re, aod another for

geometry and perfpeélive.

T llere is alfo an aeademy of painting, felllpture,

&c.

at Rome, ellablifhed by Lewis

XIV.

" herein

thofe who have \Von the annua1 pnz.e at Paris,

;tr~

en–

tided

be <hree years cnten.ioed for their fu rilier

improvemcnt.

ACADE "Y

oj'

Jf1,JaIJand J,1c, iplionI,

eaJlcd alfo

'l'h.

acade?)'}

o.fbellu

/,lIra,

\Vas ereBed by Lewis

X IV.

for ule lfudy and explanation of aneient monuments,

and to perpetuare the lemembranee of great events,

by medals, rdie\'os, infcriptil'ns,

6 r.

The plan of

this aeademy was formed by Mr Colber<, and ena–

btifhed in 1663. In its r.rll inllitulion it confill. d

only of four or Ii\'e members; but in

17° 1,

thcy were

incrcafed to Corty,

viz .

ten honoraries, ten penfiona–

ríes, ten acrociates, 3nd ten novices or eleves, under

tlle direltion of a, preGdent and vice-prefident, ",ho

are .nnllally appointed by lhe king.

T heir chief emptoyment has been upon <he medal.

Jie hiffory of lhe reign of Lewis their fOllnder. BOl

lhe learned are indebtcd

this acadcmy for

m:my

l'olomes of errays

0 0

olher pans of hillory, Pllblilbed

under the title of

M elJloirl,

&c.

ACADE'"

of A rchil<{/urt,

eUabtifh ed abollt the end of

the year 1671 by Mr Colben, eonfi llcd

firll only

fix

architeéts; but thcir numbcris fince confiderably

incrcafed.

A CADEM \'

of P oli,icl ,

is compofed of

(ix

perfons. who

mcct

:1t

the Lou\'re, in the chamber where lhe rarers

relating

foreign affairs are lodgcd .

RUl

as thB

kinns of France are unwilling

truft any, CXCl.'pt their

mi nillcrs,

with

the inCpt{tion of forcign affalrs, this

ac::tdemy is of I¡[tle ufe

thr public'.

Ro)'al

ACAD EM'

Danr,"!

\Vas

cI~blifhccl

by the King

of france in 1661 .

eornills of uurteen Jblc d,ncing–

mallen,