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N e ( 4 00 N , 1 E
SI. N1CO L !\.S, a to\Vnof L orrain, ten miles fouth-<afl
of N ancy, at lhe mouth oi' tbe ri,'er D wina.
SI. NI COLAS is ~lr:) a port'[Qwn or Ro ili a lituated on the
\Vhitc fea, (ix miles below Archangel.
Sto NICOLAS' S DAY, a fdlíval of ....he RomiCh cburch,
obfervcd on ,he 6,h of O "eember.
NICOMEOIA, a eity of Art..ie Turky, thirty miles
fomh ·eall of Confian,inopl• .
N ICOPOLIS, a ci'y of European Turky, fi,"lted on
the O . oube, 100 miles nonh·wefi ef Adrianople: E.
!ong. 25,°. N . lato43° .
N ICOPPING, a ei,y of Sweden, io ,he provinee of
Sunderland, r,f,y miles fouth ofS,ockholm.
N. cOP P' NC is alfo ,he ,al of ,he iDaod Hul~er, rub–
jeét 'o Oenmark, and fony eigh' miles fOUlh·wefl of
C openh. gen.
NICOSIA, ,he eapi,al of ,he ifland of Cyprus: E . loog.
35° . N.lat.35 ° ·
NICOTERA, a port ·,own of the kinguom of N.ples,
thirty miles nonh caH of Reggio.
N ICOTIANA. in botany, a genu, of ,he pen,andria
monogynia cLlfs . TJ:le coralla is (unnel fhaped, with
a plaited limbus; the (lamina are inclined; and the
capfule has two valves and two eells. There are
7 fpecies, all natives of warm c1imates. The nicoti–
ana ubacumJ ar tobacco, was firt~ brought ¡otO
Europe abo", ,he year 1560 , from ,he iOand J"obago
in America . lt is cultivated in the following manner.
After fowing the tobacco feeds, lhe ground is wa~
tered every day, and in bOl weather covered ro pre–
veot its being fcorched by lhe fun; and when the plants
are grown te 2 convenien't pitch . lhey are tranrplanted
into a foil weU prepared for th:ir reception.: care is
.alfo taken tO keep this ground cJear of weeds, and lO
poli off ,he lowefi leaves of ,he;l.n" lhat 'en Or fi r,een
of,he finefi leaves mayhaveall ,he nou,irhment. When
theCe Jeaves are ripe. which is known by lheir breaking
when bent, lhe fialks are cut, and left to dry lWO or
three hours iDlhe fUD; after which they are tied to–
gether two aod t",o, snd hung 00 ropes under a {hade
tO be dried 'in ,he airo And when lhe leaves are fuf–
neicnt/y dried, ,hey are pulled from off ,he fi. lks, and
made up io Jittle bundles; whieh being Heeped in fea ·
water, or, 'for want [hereof, in common water, are
twilled io manner of ropes, and the twiUs forrned into
, olls, by wioding lhem with a kind of milJ around a
fli ck: in which conditioo it is impon ed io to Ellrope,
where it 1S cut by {h'e tobaccooins for fmoaking, forln_
ed io,o fnuff, and ,he like. See SNU FF.
B efides ,he ,obaeeo of ,he V{eil.lndi.., ,he,e are
confiderable quaolities eulti\'atcd io lhe L evant, the
co.11s of Greece aod ,he Arehipelago, the i/land of
M ah a and r.aly.
T he marks of good twiO. tobaceo, are a fine n,ioing
cu' , an agreeabl. fmell, aod ,hat i, have been well kep'.
T obacco is either taken by way of (nuff, as a nernuta·
tory ; or as a maflieatory, by chewiog it in the mouth ;
or by fmoking if in a pi pe. lt is fometimcs alfo laken
in Iitde 10ngiCh pcJlets pur upthe nofe, where il i5 found
lO prOduce very good tfFeéts, tO attratl: adcal of water
or piluita, uoload ,he head, refolve ealarrhs, and make
a free refpir8.tioo ; for the fulnil: pans of the tobateo
io infpiralion, are carried ioto the: trachea and Jungs,
whcrc they loofen lhe peccaot humours adhering there.
too and promote expeétoration . SOgle have Jef, Ibis
tobacco io lheir naCes all night ; but [his is fouod to
o~cafion vomitiog rhe AeXt .morn¡ng. Another thi og
charged 0 0 Ihis way of application, ¡s, that it weakens
the fight . Wheo taken in great qU3at ities in [he w~y
of fn uf!, i, is found 10 prejudiee ,he fmelliog, :¡reatly
diminilhes the appetite, and in time gives rife to a
phlhifis. That taken in ,he way of fmcke, dries acd
damages the brain. Borrhi, in a leuer to Bartholioe,
mentions a perfon who th'rough excefs of fmokiog had
dried his brain tO[hat degree, aft er his there
w. s no,hing foun.:! in his Ikull bu' a Ii,tle blaek lump,
confifl:ing of mere nH::mbranes.
Soole people ufe lhe ¡ofufioo of tobacco as 3D eme·
tic; bllC it is a very dangerous and uojufli6abJe prac·
ti:e, aod ofte:;¡ produces violent vomi ting, (ickne(s, and
flllpidi ly.
B.ucs and Fuller give fome reeeipts, io whieh
tobaeeo is ao ingrcdient, wilh might y encomlu ms io
afihmatii: cales. A _f1roog deeoélion of ,obaeeo, \Vi.h
proper carminatives añd cathar!ics, given clyll:: r-wife,
fome,imes proves of good e!feét in what is ufually ealled
the fione-cholic, and alfo in lhe iliae pallion. A drop
or two of the chymical oil of tobapco, beiog put oa
the tongue of a car, produces violent convuJliops, and
do.,h i,felf in lhe fpace of • minute; ye, , he f. me oil
ufed io liot, Rod applied to the leeth, has beeo of
fervice io the tooth-aeh: "though "it mull be te thore
that have been ufed to the takiog of tobacco ; otherwife,
great fic~nefs, reachings, vomitings, &c. liappeo i aod
even in no cafe is ¡be internal ufe of it warraOted by
"ordinary praétice.
A Ilro,ng deeoétion of ,he fialks, \Vi,b Iharp.poin,ed
dock and alum, is' faid to be of good fervice, ulcd ex–
leroally, in cut aneous dillempers, efpeciaJly lhe ileh :
fome boil lhem for lha, purpofe in u,ine. The fame
is raid 'o be infallible in curing ,he mange in dogs.
Real iOlo a mafh with vineg"ar, oc brandy. jc has
been fou nd fervieeabJe for removing hard ,umours of lhe
hypoehondria.
NICOYA, or SI LucAR, a po,'-town of Mexieo, fr–
luated on a bay of ,he Sou,h Sea, in 88° W. long.
and 100 1)' N. Jae.
, N I CTITATING NE, a,hin membrane, ehie/ly
found io lhe bird and finl kine, which covers lhe eye,
of thefe animals, fh elteriog theOl from rhe dull or 100
mueh light ; ye, is fo ,hin and pellueid, ,h., lhey eao
fee p,e"y wcll through it.
NIDUS, among naturalifis. rtgnifies a oefi, or p,oper
repofitory fo , ,he eggs of birds, iofeéls, &c. \Vherein
,he young of 'Aefe animals are hatehed and nurfed .
NIECE, a brother or fifier's dallgh,er, which io ,be
civil Jaw is reckoned lhe third degree of eonfanguinity.
N IEMEN, or BER EZ l NA, a river of Poland, whieh
rifes in Li,h"ania, anu falls io,o a bay of ,he Bahie
fea, ocar Memel. •
NI EPER, or BOR I ST HE N E S, a riverwhich rifes inthe
."idul. of R ullía; and running fouth ,brough p ol. nd,
. rs