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N E E ( 395 N E G
Ihe IOíl ís fimrlr. Ther.. are , leHn (pecir!, chi,fly dif·
lir.fll,O"d hy Ihe foze aod figure ,>: Ihe dytra.
NEEDfl AM, a ",,,ket· lo\\ n d Sufful k, (¡,uaud on the
rlver Orwd, eight miles north wdl of ¡fp\dch .
NEEDLE, a very common lilde inllr"ment or u,enfil,
made of Ileel. pointed ot one end, and pierced al Ihe
olher, ufed in (ewing embroidery , tapellry, éc.
Nteolcs m~ke a "ery confiderabi< anicle in com–
rncrce, thougb there is (caree any commodity eneaper,
lne confumption of Ihem being almoO incredible. The
fizc. are from nO 1. ,he largdl. tO nn 25, Ihe fm t1ldl.
rn ,he manufatlure of need!es, GermaD and Hungarian
Ileel are of mofl repute.
In ,he making of 'hem, ,he 6rfl Ihing is 10 paf, ,he
f1:eel through a coal 6Te, ;md under a hammer, to nring
i!, out of ilS fquare tigure ioto a cylindrical one. ~rhis
doce, it is drawn through a large hale oC a wilc-dra.w·
ing iron, and returned ioto [he fire, and drawn through
a (<cond hale of Ihe iron, (mall~r than Ihe 6rfl, and
'hu. (ucceffively from hole 10 hole, ,i" it ha. acquired
,he degree of 6neoefs required fo, Ihat Cpecies of oee–
dles, obferving every time it is to be drAwn, thar ÍI be
greafed-over Wilh Jard, to Tender it more mal1ageable.
The Hed thus reduced to a fine \Vire, is cut in piec:es
of ,he lenglh of ,he needle. intended. Thefe pieces are
Baned at one eod on the aovil, in order to form the
head and eye; Iheyare ,hen put in,o the 6ft, tO forten
them fanher; and thence taken out and pierced at eaeh
extreme of ,be Ba"part 00 the , by force of a pun
cheon of well tempered Ilee!. aDd laid on a le.den block
to bring out, with another puncheon, the liule piece of
/leel remaining iD ,he eye. The corDero are ,hen 61ed
off ,he fquare of ,he h~ad •• and a li!!le ea.ilY fil ed'on
each fide of ,he flat of Ihe bead; lhis dooe, ,he point
i. furmed Wilh a 61e, and Ihe whole filed over; they
are thtD bid to heat red hot on a long flat narrow iron,
crooked at one eDd, in a chareoa! rire, arld when taken
out theDce are thrown into a bafon of coId Wiu er to
harden. On ,hi. operado. a good dea! depend.; too
much heat hurns them. and 100 liule leaves lhem fof,;
the medinm is learned by experience. Whcn lbey are
thus hardened. they. are laid in an iron {hovel on a 6re
more or leC. brilk in proponion 10 Ihe ,hicknef. of Ihe
medies.; taking care to move them (rom time to time.
This ferve. tO temper them; and lake off lheir britde·
Defs; great care here too O1ull be taken of ,he degree of
heat. They are then flra ightened one after .nother Wilh
,he hammer, the ofthe wa'er u(ed iD hardeo–
iD ,hem having Iwilled Ihe gre"efl part of llu:m.
The nex, procefs i. ,he polifi,ing lhem. To do ·,his,
they ,ake lwe!.e or Hteen ,hou(aod oeedles, and range
them in liule heap. agai nll each o,her'on a piece of
,new buckram fprinkled wi,h .rnery dull. The neodles
,hu. difpoCe~. emery dull is lhrown over Ihem, which
i• Cp,inkled with oil of oli.e$; a' lall ,he whole
is made up in,o • r!,lI, well bound a' bo,h ends . Thi.
roll .~ th~n hid on a poliflling table, and over it a
thiek plank 10dden wlth nones, which twO men work
backwards nd forwards a day and a h. lf. or ' \VD
da\'s. fuefcffively. by which means the roll thus con·
tiou,:Iy.g;taled by ,he weigh' and motíon of Ihe pl. ok
VOL, 1U. N ° 86. ::
ovcr i" llJ.e necdl<s wilhinfide being rubbrd ag.inll
each othn wich oil and cmery are infcnlibly poJdhed .
A('lf polilhing, ,hty are takcn OUI, and ,he 61th \t'.lhed
off them with hot water ~nd foap: they are then wiped
in Ilor bran, a liule moiClened, placed \\j th {he ncec le,
in a round box, fufpe~ded in Ihe ai r by a cord, whirh
i. kepl Ilirring lill lhe br>n and ncedles be dry. The
needles thus wipcd in two or thrcedifferent braDs, are
taken OUt :lnd put iD \Vooden vclfels. l O have th e eoad
fepara,ed fr0 1' thofe whofe points or eyes have been
brokc e¡cheT in polifhin~ or wi"piog; the points are tht:n
,III,urned Ihe way, and fmoolhed wi,h an emery–
fioDe tl1rned wi lh a wheel. T ,his operation¡ findhes
them, and there remaios oorhing but [O make lhem
in,o packelS of I\VO hundred and fifly each.
Magn~/ícal NE6DLE. in navig2tlon, a need le toucheJ
witl.- a loadrlonc, a3d fuflained on a pivot or centre ;
on which playing at libeny. il direéls itfelr to certain
points in or uDder the honzoo . NAVJCATION.
NiEDL E. FISH . See SYNGNATHUS .
NEEOLES, ,,,,,,capes, or h• •d·laods. a' ,h. "'ell end
of Ihe ine of W'gh" which is very dillicul t 10 pa(s o.
accoun' of ,be faods and rocb.
NEFASTI OIES, in R omao antiqui,y, an appelJatÍoo
given 'o fuch days wher~in i, was not allowed 'o .d.
mlDi(Jer juflice, ufu.lly ml rked in the kaleodu by N.
or N . P. ; • • nefallus prima. wheo ooly oef.llus
for ,he firfl pan orit.
NEGAPATAN, a pon-towo of ,he hilher India, lilu.
ated on lhe coall of Coroma.del: E. long. 790, N.
lato l 1 n 1 5'.
NEGATION. ·in logic, an aél 'lf the miod aJlirming
o~e thing to be different froOl aoother_; as. ,hal ,he
foul is not matter.
NEGATIVE, io geoeral, fome,hing ,hat implico a oe.
gatio~ tbus we (ay, negative qu:¡nti tics, ne&"ative
ligns, ncg.uivepowers, &c. See META'HYSrCS and
LOGle.
N.EGOM BO, a POrt-towo on ,he wefl coafl 01 ,he ille
of Ceylon, iD ,he Indi. n oeean, fu bjeél 10 ,he DUlch :
E. long. 78~, N la'. 7° 2 S'.
NEGRAIS, a po" 'own of Pe~u, ' io ,he funher India.
fitua,ed 00 ,he well fide of ,he bay of Bcnga! : E. Ion,
92.3°', N . lat. <70 .
NEGRIL POINT, ,he moll weflerly promontory of lhe .
ifiand of J amaica.
NEGROES, properly lhe inhabi'ants 1>f Nigri,ia in A.
frica. alfo calleo black. and moors; bUI ,lti. name is
now gi"eo to alJ ,he black•.
The origin of ,he negroes. and the cauCe of ,ltis
remarkable difference from ,he refl of ,he human (pe.
cies, ha. much perplexed Ihe naluralifl,. Mr. Boyle
ha. obCerved, that i, eannot be produced by ,he hea,
of ,he clima,e: for .hou~h ,he hea, of Ihe fuo may
darken the.colour of the , yet expericnce does not
Ihew ,ha, it is fullicieot to produce a oew blacknef.
like ,ha, of ,he negroes. '
In Afrie. i,felf, maoy oations of JE'hiopia >re not
bJack, nor were tht:re any bl ú ks originally in t!le
Wen Indie.. In parlS of Aro., under .he f."".
¡'>raIJel wi,h ,he African region, inh abited by blaok,.
5 G t tite